Mathematics and God
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Mathematical arguments for God's existence
In the 1070s, Anselm of Canterbury, an Italian medieval philosopher and theologian, created an ontological argument which sought to use logic to prove the existence of God. A more elaborate version was given by Gottfried Leibniz in the early eighteenth century. Kurt Gödel created a formalization of Leibniz' version, known as Gödel's ontological proof.
A more recent argument was made by Stephen D. Unwin in 2003, who suggested the use of Bayesian probability to estimate the probability of God's existence, and was also criticized.
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Mathematical arguments for belief
A common application of decision theory to the belief in God is Pascal's wager, published by Blaise Pascal in his 1669 work Pensées. The application is a defense of Christianity stating that "If God does not exist, the Atheist loses little by believing in him and gains little by not believing. If God does exist, the Atheist gains eternal life by believing and loses an infinite good by not believing". The atheist's wager has been proposed as a counterargument to Pascal's Wager. The Pascal's wager itself has faced numerous criticisms, and some have reformulated the argument by proposing an evil God that sends people who believe in him to Hell.