Parkham Yaksha
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Date
The Parkham Yaksha is datable to period 200 BCE – 50 BCE on paleographic and stylistic grounds. It has also been dated more precisely by Heinrich Lüders, who gives it a mid-2nd century date, and Sonya Rhie Quintanilla who dates it to circa 150 BCE.
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Inscription
The statue is 2.6 meters tall, including its base of about 30 centimeters. The badly corroded inscription in early Brahmi script on the top side of the base reads:
(𑀫𑀸)𑀦𑀺𑀪𑀤𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁂(𑀳𑀺) 𑀓𑀸(𑀭𑀺)(𑀢𑀸) (𑀪)𑀢(𑀯)𑀢𑁄 (𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀫)
(Mā)nibhadapuge[h]i kā(r)i(t)ā (bha)ga[va]to (patimā)
𑀅𑀞(𑀳𑀺) (𑀪𑀸𑀢𑀼)𑀳𑀺
aṭha(h)i [bhātu]hi
𑀓𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀓𑀢𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀦𑀸 𑀢𑁄𑀫𑀺𑀢𑀓𑁂𑀦 𑀓𑀢𑀸
Kuṇikatevāsinā Gomitakena katā"The image of the Holy One was caused to be made by eight brothers, members of the Manibhada congregation. It has been made by Gomitaka, the pupil of Kunika.
— Heinrich Lüders, Mathura inscriptions
This inscription thus indicates that the statue represents the Yaksa Manibhadra, and the title "Bhagavat" ("Lord" or "Holy One") suggests that the statue represents a divinity in its own right, which was the subject of worship, independently of Buddhism or Jainism with which it was later associated.
Style
The analysis of the statue has suggested that the Parkham Yaksha probably held his left arm akimbo, while holding a bag filled with square coins, as seen in the Manibhadra statue of Pawaya. According to John Boardman, the hem of the dress is derived from Greek art. Describing a similar statue, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism". Similar folds can be seen in the Bharhut Yavana.
The Parkham Yaksha is one of four known occurrences of the Yaksha Manibhadra in inscriptions: one in Parkham near Mathura, one in Pawaya near Gwalior, one in Masharfa and one in Bhītā near Kausambi. It appears Manibhadra was considered as a protector of itinerant merchants, a provider of wealth, and a protector against smallpox.