Public execution

Medieval period

Medieval Islam

There are reports of public executions in early Islam.

Medieval Europe

Documented public executions date back to at least the late medieval period, and peaked in the later sixteenth century. This peak was due in part to the witch trials of the early modern period. In the late Middle Ages, executioners used increasingly brutal methods designed to inflict pain on the victim while still alive and to generate a spectacle in order to deter others from committing crimes. The cruelty of the mode of execution (including the amount victims were tortured before the actual execution) was also more or less extreme depending on the crime itself. Punishments often invoked the "purifying" powers of earth (burial), water (drowning), and fire (burning alive). Victims were also decapitated, quartered, hanged, and beaten. Bodies or body parts were often displayed in public places and authorities took pains to ensure that remains would stay visible for as long as possible.

However, the death penalty was not used in all parts of Europe. Vladimir the Great abolished the death penalty in Kievan Rus' following his conversion to Christianity in 988.

Modern period

Africa

Liberia

During the 1970s, Liberian president William Tolbert used public hangings as a deterrent against crime, with sixteen convicted murderers hanged between 1971 and 1979. The public execution of the Harper Seven in 1979 over a series of witchcraft-related ritual murders attracted particular attention.

Asia

According to Amnesty International, in 2012 "public executions were known to have been carried out in Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Somalia." Amnesty International does not include Syria, Afghanistan, and Yemen in their list of public execution countries, but there have been reports of public executions carried out there by state and non-state actors, such as ISIL.

Iran

Kuwait

Kuwait has sometimes executed people in public. The prisoners are taken to the gallows and once a senior police officer gives the signed warrant, the prisoners are hanged.

Saudi Arabia

Public executions were a frequent practice in Saudi Arabia until 2022. Since then, executions in Saudi Arabia have taken place in private. Deera Square was a noteworthy site of public executions in the capital Riyadh, but since 2019 it has no longer been used as an execution site.

North Korea

Europe

During the seventeenth century, the use of premortem torture decreased; instead bodies were desecrated after death and for display purposes. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the number of capital punishments in Western Europe had fallen by about 85% from the previous century as the legal system shifted toward one that considered human rights as well as a more rational approach to criminal justice that centered around identifying the best methods for deterrence. However, there were several resurgences throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially during times of social unrest. Executions were condemned by eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. Enlightenment thinkers were not universally opposed to public executions—many anatomists found executions useful because they supplied healthy body parts to study and experiment on. People also found postmortem torture (which was typically part of a public execution) disrespectful to the dead and believed that it could prevent the victim from getting into heaven.

The first modern abolition of capital punishment was in Tuscany in 1786.

In Europe, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw a shift away from the spectacle of public capital punishment and toward private executions and the deprivation of liberty (e.g. incarceration, probation, community service, etc.). This coincided with a general tendency to shield all death from public view.

Andorra

On 18 October 1943, Andorra carried out its last execution by putting convicted murderer Pere Areny to death by firing squad. Areny had been convicted in a fast-track trial of the fratricide of his 56-year-old half-brother two months earlier. The execution took place in front of residents of Canillo, where the crime occurred, and became the last execution carried out by Andorra before the country abolished the death penalty in 1990.

France

In France, authorities continued public executions up until 1939. Executions were made private after a secret film of serial killer Eugen Weidmann's death by guillotine emerged and scandalized the process. Disturbing reports emerged of spectators soaking up Weidmann's blood in rags for souvenirs, and in response President Albert Lebrun banned public executions in France for "promoting baser instincts of human nature."

Germany

Nazi Germany utilized public execution by hanging, shooting, and decapitation.

United Kingdom

In London, those sentenced to death at the Old Bailey would remain at Newgate Prison and wait for their sentences to be carried out in the street. As at Tyburn, the crowds who would come to watch continued to be large and unruly. The last public execution (hanging) in Great Britain was that of Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison, London, on 26 May 1868. The last public execution in Ireland was that of John Logue at Downpatrick in 1866.

Post-World War II

Public executions have been largely abolished in Europe since the end of the Second World War in 1945. Notable postwar public executions include:

• The Kiev trials of January 1946 saw 12 Nazi officers and collaborators convicted of mass murder and hanged in Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Kyiv.
• Einsatzgruppen leader Friedrich Jeckeln was publicly hanged in Riga on 3 February 1946.
• Karl Hermann Frank, police commander in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; hanged in Prague on 22 May 1946 before 5,000 people.
• On 4 July 1946, 11 guards from the Stutthof trials were publicly hanged at the hill of Biskupia Górka outside Gdańsk; 4 of the hanged were women.
• Arthur Greiser, leader of Wartheland under the Nazi regime, and responsible for the Holocaust in the region, and the mass murder of large numbers of Poles. He was sentenced to death by the Polish Supreme National Tribunal and publicly hanged in Poznań on 21 July 1946, before 15,000 witnesses.
• In Turkey, public executions continued to take place throughout the 1950s, with hangings in Sultanahmet Square, Istanbul; the last public execution in Istanbul was in 1960, in Eminönü Square; the body was left hanging for five hours.
• On 25 December 1989, Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena were sentenced to death by the National Salvation Front; their execution was recorded by a Romanian television crew and was broadcast in the following days.
• Europe's last public execution to date took place in Fier, Albania on 25 June 1992; Dritëbardh Çuko and Josif Çuko were hanged 27 days after committing the Libofshë massacre, a bungled robbery in which they murdered a family of five.

North America

El Salvador

The last execution carried by El Salvador was a public and televised execution by firing squad in San Miguel. The prisoner, 28-year-old peasant and bandit Victoriano Gómez Urrutia, had been convicted of the January 1961 murders of a mother and her underage daughter during a robbery committed in a district of San Miguel Department.

United States

The last public execution in the United States was that of Roscoe Jackson in 1937. As in Europe, the practice of execution was moved to the privacy of chambers. Viewing remains available for those related to the person being executed, victims' families, and sometimes reporters.

Frances Larson wrote in her 2014 book Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found:

"For as long as there were public executions, there were crowds to see them. In London in the early 19th century, there might have been 5,000 to watch a standard hanging, but crowds of up to 100,000 came to see a famous felon killed. The numbers hardly changed over the years."

In the US, members of the public can visit the jail where an execution is about to take place.

Oceania

Australia

During the Australian colonial period, public executions continued until the second half of the 19th century, largely coinciding with the end of the convict era. They were abolished by the colonies of New South Wales (including present-day Queensland), Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania) and Victoria in 1855, by South Australia in 1858, and by Western Australia in 1871. Public executions of Indigenous offenders continued in some jurisdictions in violation of the legislation.

In South Australia and Western Australia, public executions were subsequently reintroduced solely for Indigenous Australian offenders, in 1861 and 1875 respectively, on the basis that they were needed as a deterrent against frontier violence against white settlers. The last public execution in Western Australia took place in February 1892, where three Indigenous men convicted of murder were hanged at the scene of the crime near Halls Creek, Western Australia, in front of around 70 witnesses. The legislation allowing for public executions for Indigenous offenders was not formally abolished until 1952 in Western Australia and 1971 in South Australia, although those provisions had been long considered dormant.

New Zealand

Public executions were abolished in New Zealand by the Executions of Criminals Act 1858, which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space". The act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland.

Papua New Guinea

In the Australian-administered Territory of New Guinea, legally a League of Nations mandate after 1920, public executions were used as a "tool of government". In 1933, a district officer reported that two executions in New Britain had been carried out before crowds of hundreds of people, and that "execution of the murderers on the spot has done much to make these natives fall in with the wishes of the government".

Following the Japanese occupation of New Guinea, 22 New Guinean civilians convicted of collaboration offences – members of the Orokaiva people – were publicly executed by the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU) in 1943 and 1944. The hangings were intended as a deterrent against other prospective collaborationists, with the offenders "hung two at a time from early in the morning until late in the afternoon in front of thousands of local people".