Raising (sound change)

In i-mutation, a front vowel is raised before or , which is assimilation.

In the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek and in Koine Greek, close-mid were raised to . The change occurred in all cases and was not triggered by a nearby front consonant or vowel. Later, Ancient Greek was raised to become Koine Greek and then . For more information, see Ancient Greek phonology § Vowel raising and fronting

In Czech, the alveolar trill was raised before to become the raised alveolar trill , spelled ⟨ř⟩ as in ⟨Dvořák⟩. That is a form of palatalization, and it also occurred in Polish in which it became a simple sibilant fricative (spelled ⟨rz⟩ or ⟨ż⟩) around the 16th century. The pronunciation in Polish is considered to be nonstandard and is used only by some older speakers.