Report

Attributes

One of the most common formats for presenting reports is IMRAD—introduction, methods, results, and discussion. This structure, standard for the genre, mirrors traditional publication of scientific research and summons the ethos and credibility of that discipline. Reports are not required to follow this pattern and may use alternative methods such as the problem-solution format, wherein the author first lists an issue and then details what must be done to fix the problem. Transparency and a focus on quality are keys to writing a useful report. Accuracy is also important. Faulty numbers in a financial report could lead to disastrous consequences.

Standard elements

Reports use features such as tables, graphics, pictures, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade a specific audience to undertake an action or inform the reader of the subject at hand. Some common elements of written reports include headings to indicate topics and help the reader locate relevant information quickly, and visual elements such as charts, tables and figures, which are useful for breaking up large sections of text and making complex issues more accessible. Lengthy written reports will almost always contain a table of contents, appendices, footnotes, and references. A bibliography or list of references will appear at the end of any credible report and citations are often included within the text itself. Complex terms are explained within the body of the report or listed as footnotes in order to make the report easier to follow. A short summary of the report's contents, called an abstract, may appear in the beginning so that the audience knows what the report will cover. Online reports often contain hyperlinks to internal or external sources as well.

Verbal reports differ from written reports in the minutiae of their format, but they still educate or advocate for a course of action. Quality reports will be well researched and the speaker will list their sources if at all possible.

Structure of a report

A typical report would include the following sections in it:

• Title page
• Executive summary
• Table of contents
• Introduction
• Discussion or body
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Reference list
• Appendices

Types

Some examples of reports are:

• Annual reports
• Auditor's reports
• Book reports
• Bound report
• Retail report
• Census reports
• Credit reports
• Demographic reports
• Expense report
• Experience report
• Incident report
• Inspection reports
• Military reports
• Police reports
• Policy reports
• Informal reports
• Progress reports
• Investigative reports
• Technical or scientific reports
• Trip reports
• White papers
• Appraisal reports
• Workplace reports