Republic of Ancona

Coins

The first reports of Ancona's medieval coinage begin in the 12th century when the independence of the city grew and it began to mint coinage without Imperial or papal oversight. The agontano was the currency used by the Republic of Ancona in its heyday; it was a large silver coin of 18–22 mm in diameter and weighing 2.04–2.42 grams.

Later and less famously, Ancona began minting a gold Agnoto coin, also known as the Ancona Ducat. Specimens of this coin have survived from the 15th and 16th centuries, until the city's loss of independence in 1532.

Art

Anconitan art had long been influenced by maritime relations with Dalmatia and the Levant.

Its major medieval monuments show a union between Romanesque and Byzantine art. Among the most notable are the Duomo, with a Greek cross and Byzantine sculptures, and the church of Santa Maria di Portonovo.

In the 14th century, Ancona was a centre of what some historians term the "Adriatic Renaissance", a movement in Dalmatia, Venice and the Marches characterised by a rediscovery of classical art and a continuity with Gothic art. A notable architect and sculptor of this movement was Giorgio da Sebenico; his counterpart Carlo Crivelli was a renowned painter.

Navigators

The navigator and archaeologist Cyriacus of Ancona was a restlessly itinerant Italian navigator and humanist who came from a prominent family of merchants. He has been called the Father of Archaeology: "Cyriac of Ancona was the most enterprising and prolific recorder of Greek and Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the fifteenth century, and the general accuracy of his records entitles him to be called the founding father of modern classical archaeology." He was named by his fellow humanists "father of the antiquities", who made his contemporaries aware of the existence of the Parthenon, Delphi, the Pyramids, the Sphinx and other famous ancient monuments believed destroyed.

The navigator Grazioso Benincasa was born in Ancona; he was the best-known Italian maritime cartographer of the 15th century and the author of several portolan charts of the Mediterranean:

History

After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important maritime republic, often clashing against the nearby power of the Republic of Venice. Ancona had to guard against the designs of both the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy. It did not as a rule engage in offensive warfare against rival republics, but was frequently forced to defend itself. Venice never succeeded in subduing Ancona, despite a series of military expeditions, trade wars, and naval blockades.

Ancona was strong enough to resist attack by the Holy Roman Empire on three occasions, as the Empire sought to reassert its authority over Ancona and all Italian communes. In 1137 Ancona was besieged by Emperor Lothair II, in 1167 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and once more in 1174. In that year, Christian I, archbishop of Mainz and the Emperor's archchancellor, joined with Venice to besiege Ancona but were forced to retreat. The Venetians deployed numerous galleys and the galleon Totus Mundus in the port of Ancona, while imperial troops laid siege from the land. After some months of dramatic resistance, the Anconitans were able to send a small contingent to Emilia-Romagna to ask for help. Troops from Ferrara and Bertinoro arrived to save the city and repelled the imperial troops and the Venetians in battle.

In the struggle between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors that troubled the Italian Peninsula from the 12th century onwards, Ancona sided with the Guelphs.

Originally named Communitas Anconitana (Latin for "Anconitan community"), Ancona had an independence de facto: Pope Alexander III (around 1100–1181) declared it a free city within the Papal States; Pope Eugene IV confirmed the legal position defined by his predecessor and on 2 September 1443 officially declared it a republic, with the name Respublica Anconitana; almost simultaneously Ragusa was officially called "republic", confirming the fraternal bond that united the two Adriatic ports.

Unlike other cities of central and northern Italy, Ancona never became a seignory. The Malatesta took the city in 1348, taking advantage of the Black Death and a fire that had destroyed many of its important buildings. The Malatesta were ousted in 1383.

Pope Clement VII, under the false pretext of an imminent attack on the city by the Ottoman Turks, offered to add new fortifications to the Citadel on Colle Astagno at the papacy's expense and sent the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. This was in fact a pretext for papal troops to occupy Ancona, as Clement was anxious to replenish the empty coffers of the papacy after the Sack of Rome in 1527. On 19 September 1532, Ancona was occupied and, as papal troops in the Citadel aimed their cannons at the city and its main access roads, was forced to unconditionally surrender its independence; with an ante litteram coup d'état, Pope Clement VII put an end to de facto freedom, thus placing the city under the direct dominion of the Papal States.

Communities in the Republic

Ancona had Greek, Albanian, Dalmatian, Armenian, Turkish and Jewish communities.

Ancona, as well as Venice, became a very important destination for merchants from the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. The Greeks formed the largest of the communities of foreign merchants. They were refugees from former Byzantine or Venetian territories that were occupied by the Ottomans in the late 15th and 16th centuries. The first Greek community was established in Ancona early in the 16th century. At the opening of the 16th century there were 200 Greek families in Ancona. Most of them came from northwestern Greece, i.e. the Ionian Islands and Epirus. In 1514, Dimitri Caloiri of Ioannina obtained reduced customs duties for Greek merchants coming from the towns of Ioannina, Arta and Avlona in Epirus. In 1518 a Jewish merchant of Avlona succeeded in lowering the duties paid in Ancona for all "the Levantine merchants, subjects to the Turk".

In 1531 the Confraternity of the Greeks (Confraternita dei Greci) was established, which included Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Greeks. They secured the use of the Church of St. Anna dei Greci and were granted permission to hold services according to the Greek and the Latin rite. The church of St. Anna had existed since the 13th century, initially as "Santa Maria in Porta Cipriana," on the ruins of the ancient Greek walls of Ancona.

In 1534 a decision by Pope Paul III favoured the activity of merchants of all nationalities and religions from the Levant and allowed them to settle in Ancona with their families. A Venetian travelling through Ancona in 1535 recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every nation and mostly Greeks and Turks." In the second half of the 16th century, the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope.

Disputes between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Greeks of the community were frequent and persisted until 1797 when the city was occupied by the French, who closed all the religious confraternities and confiscated the archive of the Greek community. The French would return to the area to reoccupy it in 1805–1806. The church of St. Anna dei Greci was re-opened to services in 1822. In 1835, in the absence of a Greek community in Ancona, it passed to the Latin Church.

Commercial law

During the time of the Republic of Ancona (11th to 16th century), Commercial law evolved to support its maritime trade, which was central to its economy and independence. Ancona’s legal framework was particularly influenced by its status as a maritime republic and its competitive but cooperative relationship with other Adriatic trading powers like Venice and Ragusa. This period saw Ancona prioritising merchant rights and contract standardisation, essential for facilitating commerce with the Byzantine Empire and the Levant.

Key documents from the period highlight the use of notary records to validate trade agreements and safeguard merchants' investments. Benvenuto Stracca, a notable 16th-century jurist from Ancona, was an important reference in formalising commercial legal principles. His work, De Mercatura (1553), is regarded as one of the earliest comprehensive treatises on Commercial law, particularly relevant for guiding the conduct of merchants and the framework for contracts within and beyond Ancona's borders.

These practices, and the legal protections afforded to trade, enabled Ancona to sustain a significant degree of autonomy and economic success until it was ultimately absorbed by the Papal States in 1532, marking the end of its independent commercial legal system.

Alliance with Ragusa

Commercial competition among the Venice, Ancona and the Ragusa was very strong because all of them bordered the Adriatic Sea. They fought open battles on more than one occasion. Venice, aware of its major economic and military power, disliked competition from other maritime cities in the Adriatic. Several Adriatic ports were under Venetian rule, but Ancona and Ragusa retained their independence. To avoid succumbing to Venetian rule, these two republics made multiple lasting alliances.

Venice conquered Ragusa in 1205 and held it until 1382 when Ragusa regained de facto freedom, paying tributes first to the Hungarians, and after the Battle of Mohács, to the Ottoman Empire. During this period Ragusa reconfirmed its old alliance with Ancona.