Rigvedic rivers
Rivers mentioned in the Hindu Rig Veda
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Through Rigveda, Indian subcontinent and Vedic period
Rigvedic geography
Identification of Rigvedic hydronyms has engaged multiple historians; it is the single most important way of establishing the geography and chronology of the early Vedic period. Rivers with certain identifications stretch from Hindu Kush to the western Gangetic plain, clustering in the Sapta Sindhu region (modern day Punjab and surrounding regions). The Rigveda mentions the sapta-sindhavaḥ (Sanskrit: सप्तसिन्धवः, seven rivers), along with other rivers:
“He has surveyed eight summits of the Earth, three shore or desert regions, seven rivers.” (aṣṭaú vy àkhyat kakúbhaḥ pr̥thivyā́s trī́ dhánva yójanā saptá síndhūn RV.I.35.8).
Sapta-sindhavaḥ is cognate with Avestan hapta həndu, and is interpreted as referring to Punjab. The region's name comes from پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water' thus "five waters", a Persian calque of the Sanskrit Pancha-nada meaning "five rivers".
The same names were often imposed on different rivers as the Vedic culture migrated Hindu Kush (where they stayed for a considerable time) to the subcontinent via Sapta Sindhu.
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List of rivers
Multiple hydronyms are located in the Rigvedic corpus; they are slotted according to rough geographical locations, following the scheme of Michael Witzel. Alongside, opinions of scholars about modern correlates are provided:
Indus:
- Síndhu – Identified with Indus. The central lifeline of Rigveda.
Northwestern Rivers:
- Tr̥ṣṭā́mā – Blažek identifies with Gilgit. Witzel notes it to be unidentified.
- Susártu – Unidentified.
- Ánitabhā – Unidentified.
- Rasā́ – Described once to be on the upper Indus; at other times a mythical entity.
- Mehatnū – A tributary of Gomatī́. Unidentifiable.
- Śvetyā́ – Unidentified.
- Kúbhā – Identified with Kabul river.
- Krúmu – Identified with Kurrum.
- Suvā́stu – Identified with Swat.
- Gomatī́ – Identified with Gomal.
- Saráyu / Harōiiu – Blažek identifies with Sarju. Witzel identifies with Hari.
- Kuṣávā – Probably the Kunar River.
- Yavyā́vatī – Noted to be a branch of Gomatī́. Witzel as well as Blažek identifies with Zhob River. Dähnhardt comments it to be synonymous to Yamúnā or flowing very close to it.
Eastern tributaries:
- Suṣómā – Identified with Soan.
- Arjikiya – Blažek identifies with Haro. Witzel speculates it to be Poonch or Tawi.
- Rivers of Jammu :
- Rivers of Punjab:
- Sarasvati (also identified with Helmand in Afghanistan)
- Āpayā́ and Āpayā́ – Streams/rivers of Sarasvati basin.
- Drishadvati
Eastern Rivers: