Tell al-'Ubaid

Its ancient name is unknown but Nutur (alt Enutur) has been proposed, mainly based on the 20th year name of Ur III Empire ruler Shulgi (c. 2094–2046 BC) "Year: Ninḫursaga of Nutur was brought into her temple".

Archaeology

Tell al 'Ubaid is an oblong mound measuring approximately 500 meters from north to south and about 300 meters from east to west and rising about two meters above the plain. A fan of surface debris, mainly pottery shards from the Ubaid period but including many lithics (arrow points, knives, microliths etc.), extend to the south and southwest of the mound.

The tell site was first worked by Henry Hall on behalf of the British Museum in 1919. Hall focused on the area which turned out to be the temple of Ninḫursaĝ, a 50 meter long and 7 meter high outcrop on the northern edge of the mound. At the southeast end of the outcrop the only remains of an Ur III period temple built atop the Early Dynastic temple were found with bricks inscribed with the standard inscription of Shulgi (c. 2094–2046 BC), first ruler of the Ur III Empire, "Sulgi, mighty man, king of Ur, king of the lands of Sumer and Akkad". Hall began work clearing the walls of the Early Dynastic temple finding, by the entrance ramp, multicolored mosaic columns, copper statues of lions, bulls, and birds heads, with some parts of the statues are filled with bitumen. A gold bitumen filled bulls horn was also found. Lastly a large (7 feet 9+1⁄2 inches long by 3+1⁄2 feet wide) copper relief in a copper frame (6" broad and 4" deep) was found depicting a scene of Anzû. Hall found a 37 centimeter high Early Dynastic III dark green stone statue of Kurlil inscribed (according to the excavator) "Kurlil, Keeper of the Granary of Erech, Damgalnun he fashioned, (her) temple he built". Kurlil is known from a similar inscription found on a statue at Uruk.

Later, C. L. Woolley excavated there in 1923 and 1924 on behalf of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania focusing on completing the excavation of the temple. The excavators defined three occupation periods for the temple:

• First Dynasty of Ur (c. 2500 BC) - plano-convex brick construction
• A period of abandonment
• Uncertain but thought to be Second Dynasty of Ur (c. 2300 BC)
• Ur III period (c. 2100 BC)

A number of statues, mosaics, metal objects, etc. were found on the west side of the entrance ramp,as was found by the first excavation of the other side. A marble foundation tablet was found as well as a few fragmentary inscriptions. A cemetery was discovered on a low hillock (350 meters by 250 meters) 60 meters to the south southeast with 94 graves, mostly from the Early Dynastic Period, primarily Early Dynastic I. The cemetery was in use for a long period and some graves were intercut with others and disturbed. Grave goods included two copper shaft-hole axes and a number of wide conical cups. The remains of a small Ubaid period settlement lay on one part of the hillock. Finds included a copper framed frieze of limestone birds set in a black shale background. A final examination, by Seton Lloyd and Pinhas Delougaz on behalf of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, occurred during 4 days in January 1937. The team had finished work at the temple oval at Khafajah and wanted to compare the temple building at Tell al'Ubaid before publishing their final reports. While excavation was conducted a complete site survey was conducted. It was determined that the early temple had been built with reddish brick which at a later date had been filled and covered with grey clay to level the site. The grey clay had eroded in most place and only remained between the walls of reddish bricks. A complete tracing of the temple oval showed it to be 80 meters by 60 meters. Signs of a limestone wall, of the Uruk period based on associated clay cones, which ran under Early Dynastic period temple were noted. Finds included a white marble Jemdat Nasr period cylinder seal (the first excavator had found Jemdat Nasr period pottery shards at the site).

In the ensuing years more dating and burial practice data has emerged which somewhat changes the interpretation of the graveyard. The graves are oriented NW-SE and NE-SW and it is now known that this is the standard orientation of homes in this period and the burials are now thought to be intramural (buried in the floor of homes). The graves noted by the excavators have now been relabeled as 5 not being graves, 10 undateable due to having no pottery, 16 Early Dynastic I, 59 Early Dynastic II to Early Dynastic IIIa and 6 graves to Early Dynastics lllb to Ur III period. A. M. T. Moore visited the site in 1990 finding previously unnoticed Ubaid period kiln sites with numerous wasters on the west side of the top of the mound about 100 meters south of the temple complex. In 2008 the site was surveyed as part on an investigation of war-time damage to archaeological sites in Iraq by an Iraqi-British team. The team reported extensive damage as a result of "military installations when it was established as an Iraqi command post". This damage included a 4-meter square and 1.5 meter deep pit on the summit of the mound, 10 vehicle bays built around the mound base, and numerous hollows and pits on and around the mound. There was no sign of looting.