Yeyi language

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel length is also distinctive.

• Vowel sounds are phonetically noted .
• can also be heard as in word-final position. can also be heard as in prefixes.
• Sounds can be heard as nasalized when preceding nasal consonants. A nasal can also be heard, but only in stem-internal position.
• Sounds can tend to be centralized as following fricative and sibilant sounds.

Consonants

Other palatalized consonant sounds that can occur are .

• A glottal stop sound can also occur, but only between vowels.
• Palatalized-velar stop consonants may often be heard as palatal stop consonants .
• A labial approximant sound can range from an approximant sound to a fricative sound .
• An alveolar rhotic consonant can be heard as a tap or a trill, but can also be heard as a retroflex tap .
• An alveolar lateral consonant can also be heard as a retroflex lateral .

• Prenasal palatalized-velar stop consonants may often be heard as prenasal palatal stop consonants .

Click consonants

Lateral sounds only rarely occur.

Clicks

Yeyi may have up to four click types, dental , alveolar , palatal , and lateral . However, the actual number of clicks is disputed, as researchers disagree on how many series of manner and phonation the language contrasts.

Sommer & Voßen (1992) listed the following manners, shown as the palatal series:

The uvular ejective series was uncertain due to infrequency.

Fulop et al. (2002) studied the clicks of a limited vocabulary sample with 13 Yeyi speakers who were not from the core speaking area. The series they found are:

There are in addition prenasalized clicks such as and , but Fulop et al. analyze these as consonant clusters, not single sounds. In addition, a reported uvular affricated click appears to actually be velar, with the affrication a variant of aspiration, and so has been included under . There is similar velar affrication with the dental ejective click among some speakers. The ejective clicks are apparently uvular.

Miller (2011), in a comparative study with other languages, interprets their results as follows,

The contrast between ejective and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual, but also occurs in Gǀwi.

Unfortunately, the speakers interviewed were not from the core Yeyi-speaking area, and they often disagreed on which clicks to use. Although the six dental clicks ( etc.) were nearly universal, only one of the lateral clicks was (the voiced click ). The alveolar clicks ( etc.) were universal apart from the ejective, which was only attested from one speaker, but two of the palatal clicks were only used by half the speakers, at least in the sample vocabulary. The missing palatal and lateral clicks were substituted with alveolar or sometimes dental clicks (palatals only), and the missing ejective alveolar was substituted with a glottalized alveolar. Both of these patterns are consistent with studies of click loss, though it is possible that these speakers maintain these clicks in other words. 23 of the 24 possible permutations were attested in the sample vocabulary by at least one speaker, the exception being the ejective lateral click . This research needs to be repeated in an area where the language is still vibrant.

Seidel (2008) says that Yeyi has three click types, dental , alveolar , and, in two words only, lateral . There are three basic series, tenuis, aspirated, and voiced, any of which may be prenasalized:

A Yeyi Talking Dictionary was produced by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.