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- Raad ShakirIraqi-British neurologist
- Rachel N. LevinAmerican neurobiologist (born 1953/54)
- Rachel WongAmerican neuroscientist
- Rafael YusteSpanish-American neuroscientist (born 1963)
- Raffaele NardoneItalian medical doctor, neurologist, and neuroscientist
- Rage syndromeNeurological problem in dogs
- Rahul DesikanIndian-American neuroscientist and neuroradiologist (1978–2019)
- Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 1Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 1 is a rare, degenerative, neurological disorder characterized b
- Randolph NudoAmerican neuroscientist
- Randy J. NelsonAmerican neuroscientist
- Rao YiChinese neurobiologist
- Raphe nucleiModerate-size cluster of nuclei found in brain stem
- Raphespinal tractThe raphespinal tract is a descending spinal cord tract located in the medulla oblongata.
- RASopathyFamily of genetic conditions caused by mutations affecting Ras genes
- Rational mysticismMetaphysical theory
- Raymond DingledineAmerican pharmacologist, neurobiologist (born 1948)
- Reactive nitrogen speciesReactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitri
- Read MontagueAmerican neuroscientist and author (born 1960)
- Rebecca CalisiAmerican neuroendocrinologist
- Rebecca SaxeAmerican cognitive neuroscientist
- Rebeccah SlaterBritish neuroscientist and academic
- Recurrent thalamo-cortical resonancePhenomenon of neural activity
- Red nucleusStructure in the human brain
- ReelerMouse mutant
- Reissner's fiberSpinal fiber
- Relaxin-3Relaxin-3 is a neuropeptide that was discovered in 2001, and which is highly conserved in
- REM reboundIncreased frequency of REM after sleep deprivation
- Renée ShellhaasAmerican pediatric neurologist and professor
- Representational systems (NLP)Pseudoscientific neuro-linguistic model
- Responsive neurostimulation deviceCategory of medical devices that respond to signals in a patient's body to treat disease
- Reticular theoryObsolete scientific theory in neurobiology
- Retina bipolar cellType of neuron
- Retina horizontal cellHorizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner
- Retinohypothalamic tractNeural pathway involved with circadian rhythms
- RetinotopyMapping of visual input from the retina to neurons
- Retronasal smellTerm
- Reverse correlation techniqueMethod used in psychological and neurophysiological research
- Reverse transportReverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a m
- Rexed laminaeLayers of grey matter in the spinal cord
- RheobaseIn neuroscience, aspect of a cell membrane
- RhinencephalonIn animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon (from the Greek, ῥίς, rhis = "nose", and ἐγκέφαλος,
- Rho GTPase-activating protein 32Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Rhodopsin-like receptorsRhodopsin-like receptors are a family of proteins that comprise the largest group of G pro
- RhoGAP domainRhoGAP domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain of GTPase activating proteins to
- Rhomboid fossaThe rhomboid fossa is a rhombus-shaped depression that is the anterior part of the fourth
- Ribbon synapseThe ribbon synapse is a type of neuronal synapse characterized by the presence of an elect
- Ribosome profilingAspect of molecular biology
- Richard G. MorrisBritish neuroscientist
- Rick H. HoyleAmerican psychologist
- RICTORProtein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Right hemisphere brain damageMedical condition
- Righting reflexReflex on body orientation
- Rishikesh NarayananIndian neuroscientist and computer engineer
- RizatriptanMedication used for the treatment of migraine headaches
- Robert A. Stern (neuropsychologist)American neuropsychologist
- Robert B. DaroffAmerican neurologist (1936–2025)
- Robert Hanham CollyerBritish physician, phrenologist, mesmerist, lecturer, author, and inventor
- Robert TishmanRobert Valentine Tishman (April 7, 1916 – October 11, 2010) was an American real estate de
- Robert Y. MooreAmerican neurologist
- Roberto ToroFrench neuroscientist
- Robin Carhart-HarrisBritish psychopharmacologist
- Robin FranklinRobin Franklin, FRS is a British cell biologist and neuroscientist. He is currently a Prin
- Roger NicollAmerican neuroscientist
- Rohon–Beard cellSpecialized neurons with mechanoreceptive properties
- Role of cell adhesions in neural developmentCellular adhesions can be defined as proteins or protein aggregates that form mechanical a
- Role of serotonin in visual orientation processingSerotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood,
- Rolf GruetterSwiss physicist specialized in magnetic resonance
- Ronald A. SandisonBritish psychiatrist (1916–2010)
- Rosehip neuronType of inhibitory neuron in the human cerebral cortex
- Rosemary BagotCanadian neuroscientist
- Rostromedial tegmental nucleusThe rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), also known as the tail of the ventral tegmental
- Roundabout familyProtein family
- Roussy–Lévy syndromeRoussy–Lévy syndrome, also known as Roussy–Lévy areflexic dystasia, is a rare disorder of
- Roy Mackenzie StewartScottish neurologist
- RTX-IIISea anemone neurotoxin
- Rubrospinal tractPart of the nervous system
- Russell FernaldRussell D. Fernald is an American neuroscientist/neuroethologist, currently on the Biology
- Russell FosterBritish neuroscientist (born 1959)
- Russell Van GelderAmerican clinician-scientist and ophthalmologist
- Ryuta KawashimaJapanese neuroscientist (born 1959)