Contrast ratio

The contrast ratio is typically measured as

${\displaystyle CR=bright/dark}$

or as the Weber contrast:

${\displaystyle C{R}_W=(bright-dark)/dark}$

or as the Michelson contrast:

${\displaystyle C{R}_M=(bright-dark)/(bright+dark)}$

There is no official, standardized way to measure contrast ratio for a system or its parts, nor is there a standard for defining "Contrast Ratio" that is accepted by any standards organization so ratings provided by different manufacturers of display devices are not necessarily comparable to each other due to differences in method of measurement, operation, and unstated variables. Manufacturers have traditionally favored measurement methods that isolate the device from the system, whereas other designers have more often taken the effect of the room into account. An ideal room would absorb all the light reflecting from a projection screen or emitted by a cathode-ray tube, and the only light seen in the room would come from the display device. With such a room, the contrast ratio of the image would be the same as the contrast ratio of the device. Real rooms reflect some of the light back to the displayed image, lowering the contrast ratio seen in the image.

Static contrast ratio (or simultaneous contrast ratio) is the luminosity ratio comparing the brightest and darkest shade the system is capable of producing simultaneously at any instant of time, typically measured using ANSI checkerboard pattern; on the other hand, dynamic contrast ratio (or sequential contrast ratio) is the luminosity ratio comparing the brightest and darkest shade the system is capable of producing over time (or in one frame and another sequential frame), typically measured using the full on/full off method. Moving from a system that displays a static, motionless image to a system that displays a dynamic, changing picture slightly complicates the definition of the contrast ratio, due to the need to take into account the extra temporal dimension to the measuring process.

Methods of measurement

Many display devices favor the use of the full on/full off method of measurement, as it cancels out the effect of the room and results in an ideal ratio. Equal proportions of light reflect from the display to the room and back in both "black" and "white" measurements, as long as the room stays the same. This will inflate the light levels of both measurements proportionally, leaving the black-to-white luminance ratio unaffected.

Some manufacturers have gone as far as using different device parameters for the three tests, even further inflating the calculated contrast ratio. With DLP projectors, one method to do this is to enable the clear sector of the color filter wheel for the "on" part and disable it for the "off" part This practice is rather dubious, as it will be impossible to reproduce such contrast ratios with any useful image content.

Another measure is the ANSI contrast, in which the measurement is done with a checkerboard-patterned test image where the black and white luminosity values are measured simultaneously. This is a more realistic measure of system capability, but includes the potential of including the effects of the room into the measurement, if the test is not performed in a room that is close to ideal.

It is useful to note that the full on/full off method effectively measures the dynamic contrast ratio of a display, while the ANSI contrast measures the static contrast ratio.