House of Representatives of the Philippines

Electoral system

The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For the 2025 elections, 318 seats in the House were contested; 254 of these are district representatives, and 64 are party-list representatives. The number of seats to be disputed may change depending on the creation of new congressional districts.

Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the plurality voting system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold, with a party winning not more than three seats. The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of the vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up.

Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections. Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.

Officers

The members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and have a vote.

On July 28, 2025, the 20th Congress of the Philippines elected among themselves their leaders. The terms of office of the officers elected are set to end on June 30, 2028.

Speaker

The speaker is the head of the House of Representatives. He presides over the session; decides on all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member; signs all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by or upon order of the House; appoints, suspends, dismisses, or disciplines House personnel; and exercise administrative functions.

The speaker is elected by a majority of all the members of the House, including vacant seats. The speaker is traditionally elected at the convening of each congress. Before a speaker is elected, the House secretary general sits as the presiding officer until a speaker is elected. Compared to the Senate president, the unseating of an incumbent speaker is rarer.

The incumbent speaker of the House is representative Bojie Dy, since September 17, 2025, following the resignation of former speaker Martin Romualdez.

Deputy speakers

There was a position of speaker pro tempore for Congresses prior the reorganization of the officers of the House of Representatives during the 10th Congress in 1995. The speaker pro tempore was the next highest position in the House after the speaker.

The position was replaced by deputy speakers in 1995. Originally, there was one deputy speaker for each island group of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. In the 15th Congress starting in 2010, all six deputy speakers are "at-large". In the 16th Congress, the deputy speakers represent the chamber at-large. Starting in the 17th Congress, each region is represented by a deputy speaker, with additional deputy speakers from the party-list ranks.

The deputy speakers perform the speaker's role when the speaker is absent. In case in the resignation of the speaker, the deputy speakers shall elect from among themselves an acting speaker, until a speaker is elected.

The current deputy speakers are representatives Dinand Hernandez of South Cotabato (who is also the senior deputy speaker), Janette Garin of Iloilo, Yasser Balindong of Lanao del Sur, Paolo Ortega of La Union, Jay Khonghun of Zambales, Ronaldo Puno of Antipolo City, Ferjenel Biron of Iloilo, Raymond Mendoza of the TUCP party-list, Yevgeny Emano of Misamis Oriental, David Suarez of Quezon, Maria Rachel Arenas of Pangasinan, Duke Frasco of Cebu, Albee Benitez of Bacolod, and Mercedes Alvarez–Lansang of Negros Occidental.

Majority floor leader

The majority leader, aside from being the spokesman of the majority bloc, is to direct the deliberations on the floor. The majority leader is also concurrently the chairman of the Committee on Rules. The majority leader is elected in a party caucus of the ruling majority party or coalition of parties forming the majority bloc.

The incumbent House majority leader is representative Sandro Marcos (PFP) from Ilocos Norte's 1st congressional district.

Minority floor leader

The minority leader is the spokesman of the minority bloc in the House and is an ex-officio member of all standing committees. The minority leader is elected in party caucus of all members of the House in the minority party or coalition of parties forming the minority bloc. By longstanding tradition, the losing candidate in a speakership election is named the minority leader, until the 17th Congress when the minority bloc elected from among its members the minority leader.

The incumbent House minority leader is representative Marcelino Libanan, a party-list member for 4Ps.

Secretary general

The secretary general enforces orders and decisions of the House; keeps the Journal of each session; notes all questions of order, among other things. The secretary general presides over the chamber at the first legislative session after an election, and is elected by a majority of the members.

At present, Cheloy Garafil is the secretary general of the House of Representatives.

Sergeant-at-arms

The sergeant-at-arms is responsible for the maintenance of public order in the House of Representatives, among other things. Like the secretary general, the sergeant-at-arms is elected by a majority of the members.

At present, retired Brigadier General Melchor dela Cruz is the sergeant-at-arms of the House of Representatives.

Qualifications

The qualifications for membership in the House are expressly stated in Section 6, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows:

• No person shall be a Representative unless he/she is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and on the day of the election, is at least 25 years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter except for a party-list representative, and a resident of the country for not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
• The age is fixed at 25 and must be possessed on the day of the elections, that is, when the polls are opened and the votes cast, and not on the day of the proclamation of the winners by the board of canvassers.
• With regard to the residence requirements, it was ruled in the case of Lim v. Pelaez that it must be the place where one habitually resides and to which he, after absence, has the intention of returning.
• The enumeration laid down by the 1987 Constitution is exclusive under the Latin principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius. This means that Congress cannot anymore add additional qualifications other than those provided by the Constitution.

Membership

There are two types of congressmen: those who represent geographic districts, and those who represent party-lists. The first-past-the-post (simple plurality voting) method is used to determine who represents each of the 254 geographic districts. The party-list representatives are elected via the party-list system. The party-list representatives should always comprise 20% of the seats.

According to the 1987 Constitution, the House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 members. It also mandates party-list representatives shall constitute 20 percent of the total number of representatives. Originally set at 200 in the ordinance of the 1987 Constitution, the number of districts has grown to 254. All of the new districts are via created via piecemeal redistricting of the then existing 200 districts, and via the creation of new provinces and cities. The Supreme Court explicitly clarified that Congress can increase the 250-seat limit piecemeal (one by one) rather than through a single general law. The Constitution gave Congress to nationally redistrict the country after the release of every census but this has not been done.

The original 200 districts meant that there should have been 50 party-list representatives. However, the Constitution did not give the specifics on how party-list congressmen should have been elected. This led to presidents appointing sectoral representatives, which were then approved by the Commission on Appointments; only a handful of sectoral representatives were seated in this way. With the enactment of the Party-List System Act, the first party-list election was in 1998; with the 2% election threshold, a 3-seat cap and tens of parties participating, this led to only about a fraction of the party-list seats being distributed. Eventually, there had been several Supreme Court decisions changing the way the winning seats are distributed, ensuring that all party-list seats are filled up.

There were supposed to be 245 congressional districts that were to be disputed in the 2019 election, so there were 61 party-list seats contested in the party-list election. Elections in two of these districts were delayed due to its creation right before campaigning. The Supreme Court ruled that one district be contested in the next (2022) election, then the Commission on Elections applied the court's ruling to the other district, bringing the number of districts to 243, while still keeping the 61 party-list representatives, for a total of 304 seats.

Vacancies from representatives elected via districts are dealt with special elections, which may be done if the vacancy occurred less than a year before the next regularly scheduled election. Special elections are infrequently done; despite several vacancies, the last special election was in 2023. For party-list representatives, the nominee next on the list is asked to replace the outgoing representative; if the nominee agrees, then that person would be sworn in as a member, if the nominee doesn't agree, then the nominee after that person is asked, and the process is repeated. Vacating party-list representatives have always been replaced this way.

Congressional district representation

Eighty percent of representatives shall come from congressional districts, with each district returning one representative. The Constitution mandates that every province and every city with a population of 250,000 must have at least one representative. Each legislative district, regardless of population, has one congressman. For provinces that have more than one legislative district, the provincial districts are identical to the corresponding legislative district, with the exclusion of cities that do not vote for provincial officials. If cities are divided into multiple districts for city hall representation purposes, these are also used for congressional representation.

The representatives from the districts comprise at most 80% of the members of the House; therefore, for a party to have a majority of seats in the House, the party needs to win a larger majority of district seats. No party since the approval of the 1987 Constitution has been able to win a majority of seats, hence coalitions are not uncommon.

Legislative districts in provinces

• Abra (1)
• Agusan del Norte (1)
• Agusan del Sur (2)
• Aklan (2)
• Albay (3)
• Antique (1)
• Apayao (1)
• Aurora (1)
• Basilan (1)
• Bataan (3)
• Batanes (1)
• Batangas (6)
• Benguet (1)
• Biliran (1)
• Bohol (3)
• Bukidnon (4)
• Bulacan (6)
• Cagayan (3)
• Camarines Norte (2)
• Camarines Sur (5)
• Camiguin (1)
• Capiz (2)
• Catanduanes (1)
• Cavite (8)
• Cebu (7)
• Cotabato (3)
• Davao de Oro (2)
• Davao del Norte (2)
• Davao Occidental (1)
• Davao Oriental (2)
• Davao del Sur (1)
• Dinagat Islands (1)
• Eastern Samar (1)
• Guimaras (1)
• Ifugao (1)
• Ilocos Norte (2)
• Ilocos Sur (2)
• Iloilo (5)
• Isabela (6)
• Kalinga (1)
• La Union (2)
• Laguna (4)
• Lanao del Norte (2)
• Lanao del Sur (2)
• Leyte (5)
• Maguindanao del Norte (1)
• Maguindanao del Sur (1)
• Marinduque (1)
• Masbate (3)
• Misamis Occidental (2)
• Misamis Oriental (2)
• Mountain Province (1)
• Negros Occidental (6)
• Negros Oriental (3)
• Northern Samar (2)
• Nueva Ecija (4)
• Nueva Vizcaya (1)
• Occidental Mindoro (1)
• Oriental Mindoro (2)
• Palawan (3)
• Pampanga (4)
• Pangasinan (6)
• Quezon (4)
• Quirino (1)
• Rizal (4)
• Romblon (1)
• Samar (2)
• Sarangani (1)
• Siquijor (1)
• Sorsogon (2)
• South Cotabato (3)
• Southern Leyte (2)
• Sultan Kudarat (2)
• Sulu (2)
• Surigao del Norte (2)
• Surigao del Sur (2)
• Tarlac (3)
• Tawi-Tawi (1)
• Zambales (2)
• Zamboanga del Norte (3)
• Zamboanga del Sur (2)
• Zamboanga Sibugay (2)

Legislative districts in cities

• Antipolo (2)
• Bacolod (1)
• Baguio (1)
• Biñan (1)
• Butuan (1)
• Cagayan de Oro (2)
• Calamba (1)
• Caloocan (3)
• Cebu City (2)
• Davao City (3)
• Iligan (1)
• General Santos (1)
• Iloilo City (1)
• Lapu-Lapu (1)
• Las Piñas (1)
• Makati (2)
• Malabon (1)
• Mandaluyong (1)
• Mandaue (1)
• Manila (6)
• Marikina (2)
• Muntinlupa (1)
• Navotas (1)
• Parañaque (2)
• Pasay (1)
• Pasig (1)
• Pateros and Taguig (1)
• Quezon City (6)
• San Jose del Monte (1)
• San Juan (1)
• Santa Rosa (1)
• Taguig (1)
• Valenzuela (2)
• Zamboanga City (2)

Party-list representation

The party-list system is the name designated for party-list representation. Under the 1987 Constitution, the electorate can vote for certain party-list organizations in order to give voice to significant minorities of society that would otherwise not be adequately represented through geographical district. From 1987 to 1998, party-list representatives were appointed by the President.

Since 1998, each voter votes for a single party-list organization. Organizations that garner at least 2% of the total number of votes are awarded one representative for every 2% up to a maximum of three representatives. Thus, there can be at most 50 party-list representatives in Congress, though usually no more than 20 are elected because many organizations do not reach the required 2% minimum number of votes.

After the 2007 election, in a controversial decision, the Supreme Court ordered the COMELEC to change how it allocates the party-list seats. Under the new formula only one party will have the maximum 3 seats. It based its decision on a formula contained in the VFP vs. COMELEC decision. In 2009, in the BANAT vs. COMELEC decision, it was changed anew in which parties with less than 2% of the vote were given seats to fulfill the 20% quota as set forth in the Constitution.

Aside from determining which party won and allocating the number of seats won per party, another point of contention was whether the nominees should be a member of the marginalized group they are supposed to represent; in the Ang Bagong Bayani vs. COMELEC decision, the Supreme Court not only ruled that the nominees should be a member of the marginalized sector, but it also disallowed major political parties from participating in the party-list election. However, on the BANAT decision, the court ruled that since the law did not specify who belongs to a marginalized sector, the court allowed anyone to be a nominee as long as the nominee as a member of the party (not necessarily the marginalized group the party is supposed to represent).

Sectoral representation

Prior to the enactment of the Party-list Act, the president, with the advice and consent of the Commission on Appointments, nominated sectoral representatives. These represented various sectors, from labor, peasants, urban poor, the youth, women and cultural communities. Their numbers grew from 15 members in the 8th Congress, to 32 in the 10th Congress.

In the Interim Batasang Pambansa, a sectoral election was held to fill up the sectoral seats of parliament.

Legislative caretakers

Under the Republic Act No. 6645 or "An Act Prescribing the Manner of Filling a Vacancy in the Congress of the Philippines", if a seat was vacated with at most 18 months prior to an election the House of Representatives could request the Commission on Elections to hold a special election to fill in the vacancy. The law does not specify for a mechanism if the seat was vacated within 18 months prior to an election. The House of Representatives through its speaker customarily appoints a caretaker or legislative liaison officer to fill in the vacancy. The caretaker cannot vote in the name of the district that is being taken care of.

Redistricting

Congress is mandated to reapportion the legislative districts within three years following the return of every census. Since its restoration in 1987, Congress has not passed any general apportionment law, despite the publication of eight censuses in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2024. The increase in the number of representative districts since 1987 were mostly due to the creation of new provinces, cities, and piecemeal redistricting of certain provinces and cities.

The apportionment of congressional districts is not dependent upon a specially mandated independent government body, but rather through republic acts which are drafted by members of Congress. Therefore, apportionment often can be influenced by political motivations. Incumbent representatives who are not permitted by law to serve after three consecutive terms sometimes resort to dividing their district, or even creating a new province which will be guaranteed a seat, just so that their allies be able to run, while "switching offices" with them. Likewise, politicians whose political fortunes are likely to be jeopardized by any change in district boundaries may delay or even ignore the need for reapportionment.

Since 1987, the creation of some new congressional districts has been met with controversy, especially due to incumbent political clans and their allies benefiting from the new district arrangements. Some of these new congressional districts are tied to the creation of a new province, because such an act necessarily entails the creation of a new congressional district.

• Creation of Davao Occidental, 2013: The rival Cagas and Bautista clans dominate politics in the province of Davao del Sur; their members have been elected as congressional representatives for the first and second districts of the province since 1987. However, the province's governorship has been in contest between the two clans in recent years: Claude Bautista, the current governor, was elected in 2013; before that Douglas Cagas served as governor from 2007 to 2013, after succeeding Benjamin Bautista Jr. who served from 2002 to 2007. Supporters of both clans have been subjected to political violence, prompting the police to put the province of Davao del Sur in the election watchlist. The law which created Davao Occidental, Republic Act No. 10360, was co-authored by House Representatives Marc Douglas Cagas IV and Franklin Bautista as House Bill 4451; the creation of the new province is seen as a way to halt the "often violent" political rivalry between the clans by ensuring that the Cagas and Bautista clans have separate domains.
• Reapportionment of Camarines Sur, 2009: A new congressional district was created within Camarines Sur under Republic Act No. 9716, which resulted in the reduction of the population of the province's first district to below the Constitutional ideal of 250,000 inhabitants. The move was seen as a form of political accommodation that would (and ultimately did) prevent two allies of then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo from running in the same district. Rolando Andaya, who was on his third term as congressman for the first district, was appointed budget secretary in 2006; his plans to run as representative of the same district in 2010 put him in direct competition with Diosdado Macapagal Arroyo, the president's youngest son, who was also seeking re-election. Then-senator Noynoy Aquino challenged the constitutionality of the law but the Supreme Court ultimately ruled that the creation of the new district was constitutional.
• Creation of Dinagat Islands, 2007: The separation of Dinagat Islands from Surigao del Norte has further solidified the hold of the Ecleo clan over the impoverished and typhoon-prone area, which remains among the poorest provinces in the country.

Most populous legislative districts

Currently the district with the lowest population is the lone district of Batanes, with only 18,831 inhabitants in 2020. The most populous congressional district, the first district of Rizal, has around 69 times more inhabitants. Data below reflect the district boundaries for the 2019 elections, and the population counts from the 2020 census.

Underrepresentation

Because of the lack of a nationwide reapportionment after the publication of every census since the Constitution was promulgated in 1987, faster-growing provinces and cities have become severely underrepresented. Each legislative district is ideally supposed to encompass a population of 250,000.

Powers

The Philippine House of Representatives is modeled after the United States House of Representatives; the two chambers of Congress have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the president's signature. Once a bill is defeated in the House of Representatives, it is lost. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives on third reading, the bill is passed to the Senate, unless an exact identical bill has also been passed by the upper house. When a counterpart bill in the Senate is different from the one passed by the House of Representatives, either a bicameral conference committee is created consisting of members from both chambers of Congress to reconcile the differences, or either chamber may instead approve the other chamber's version.

Just like most lower houses, franchise and money bills originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments, same with bills of local application and private bills. The House of Representatives has the sole power to initiate impeachment proceedings, and may impeach an official by a vote of one-third of its members. Once an official is impeached, the Senate tries that official. The requirement that legislation be approved by both chambers encourages coordination between the House of Representatives and the Senate, reinforcing institutional balance and promoting consensus-based lawmaking within the Philippine political system.

Seat

The Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City is the seat of the House of Representatives since its restoration in 1987; it took its name from the Batasang Pambansa, the national parliament which convened there from 1978 to 1986.

The Philippine Legislature was inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House at 1907, then it conducted business at the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros. Governor-General Leonard Wood summoned the 2nd Philippine Legislature at Baguio and convened at The Mansion in Baguio for three weeks. The legislature returned to the Ayuntamiento, as the Legislative Building was being constructed; it first convened there on July 26, 1926. The House of Representatives continued to occupy the second floor until 1945 when the area was shelled during the Battle of Manila. The building was damaged beyond repair and Congress convened at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Lepanto (modern-day S. H. Loyola) Street, Manila until the Legislative Building can be occupied again in 1949. Congress stayed at the Legislative Building, by now called the Congress Building, until President Marcos shut Congress and ruled by decree starting in 1972.

Marcos then oversaw the construction of the new home of parliament at Quezon City, which convened in 1978. The parliament, called the Batasang Pambansa continued to sit there until the passage of the 1986 Freedom Constitution. The House of Representatives inherited the Batasang Pambansa Complex in 1987.

Batasang Pambansa Complex

The Batasang Pambansa Complex, now officially called the House of Representatives Building Complex, is at the National Government Center, Constitution Hills, Quezon City. Accessible via Commonwealth Avenue, the complex consists of four buildings. The main building hosts the session hall; the North and South wings, inaugurated in December 1977, are attached to it. The newest building, the Ramon Mitra, Jr. Building, was completed in 2001. It houses the Legislative Library, committee offices, the Reference and Research Bureau, and conference rooms.

Current composition

The members of the House of Representatives, aside from being grouped into political parties, are also grouped into the "majority bloc", "minority bloc" and "independents" (different from the independent in the sense that they are not affiliated into a political party). Originally, members who voted for the winning Speaker belong to the majority and members who voted for the opponent are the minority. The majority and minority bloc are to elect amongst themselves a floor leader. While members are allowed to switch blocs, they must do so in writing. Also, the bloc where they intend to transfer shall accept their application through writing. When the bloc the member ought to transfer refuses to accept the transferring member, or a member does not want to be a member of either bloc, that member becomes an independent member. A member that transfers to a new bloc forfeits one's committee chairmanships and memberships, until the bloc the member transfers to elects the member to committees.

The membership in each committee should be in proportion to the size of each bloc, with each bloc deciding who amongst them who will go to each committee, upon a motion by the floor leader concerned to the House of Representatives in plenary. The speaker, deputy speakers, floor leaders, deputy floor leaders and the chairperson of the Committee on Accounts can vote in committees; the committee chairperson can only vote to break a tie.

To ensure that the representatives each get their pork barrel, most of them will join the majority bloc, or even to the president's party, as basis of patronage politics (known as the padrino system locally); thus, the House of Representatives always aligns itself with the party of the sitting president.

The majority bloc sits at the right side of the speaker, facing the House of Representatives.

Leadership

• House Speaker: Bojie Dy
• Senior Deputy Speaker: Ferdinand Hernandez
• Deputy Speakers:
  • Janette Garin
  • Yasser Balindong
  • Paolo Ortega
  • Jay Khonghun
  • Ronaldo Puno
  • Ferjenel Biron
  • Raymond Mendoza
  • Yevgeny Emano
  • David Suarez
  • Maria Rachel Arenas
  • Duke Frasco
  • Albee Benitez
  • Mercedes Alvarez–Lansang
• Majority Floor Leader: Sandro Marcos
• Minority Floor Leader: Marcelino Libanan
• Secretary General: Cheloy Garafil
• Sergeant-at-Arms: BGen. Ferdinand Melchor C. dela Cruz, PA (Ret.)

20th Congress standing committees

Latest election

Elections were held on May 12, 2025.

Elections at congressional districts

Party-list election