Malayic languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
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In addition, the Malayic languages have been also used as lingue franche throughout Eastern Indonesia, such as Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Islands, Maluku Islands, and Papua. The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra.
History
The term "Malayic" was first coined by Dyen (1965) in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. Nothofer (1988) narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:
- Rejang
- Embaloh
- Salako
- Iban-Malayan
- Ibanic
- Malayan
The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.
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Languages
Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. This list is limited to Malayic languages traditionally spoken by their respective ethnic groups, for non-traditional languages, see Malay trade and creole languages.
Borneo
Sumatra
- Bilah–Panai Malay, Central Malay, Col, Haji, Jambi Malay, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Langkat Malay, Lubu, Minangkabau (incl. Jamee, Kampar, Kuantan, Mukomuko, and Pesisir), Musi, Palembang, Pekal, Riau Malay, Serdang Malay, Tamiang Malay
Malay Peninsula
Java
- Betawi (incl. Cocos Malay)
South China Sea
- Bangka Malay, Duano, Loncong, Orang Seletar
Subgrouping
Internal classification
While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages have remained inconclusive.
Adelaar (1993)
Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.
- Malayic
- Iban
- Malay
- Minangkabau
- Middle Malay
- Banjarese
- Betawi
- Others
Ross (2004)
Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:
- Malayic
- Western Malayic Dayak (Kendayan, Salako)
- Nuclear Malayic (all other lects)
This classification was mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).
Anderbeck (2012)
Following Tadmor (2002), Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about the dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago. He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal, Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano.
- Malayic
- Ibanic
- Kendayan/Selako
- Keninjal
- Malayic Dayak
- Urak Lawoi'
- Duano
- Malay (including all other Malayic varieties)
Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.
Smith (2017)
In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".
- Malayic
Glottolog
Glottolog 5.2 classifies the Malayic languages into several groups, namely:
- Malayic
- Duano
- Haji
- Malayic Dayak
- Old Malay
- Western Malayic Dayak
- Kendayan–Belangin
- Menterap
- Ibanic
- Keninjal
- Iban–Mualang–Seberuang
- Mualang
- Iban–Seberuang
- Seberuang
- Northern Iban
- Iban
- Remun
- Nuclear Malayic
- South Sumatra Malay
- Standard Malay–Indonesian
- Betawic
- Betawi
- Cocos Islands Malay
- Peranakan Indonesian
- Central Sumatran Malay
- Kubu
- Music
- Col
- Musi
- East Borneo Malay
- Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
- Banjar–Berau–Brunei Malay
- Banjar–Bukit Malay
- Banjar
- Bukit Malay
- Berau–Brunei Malay
- Berau Malay
- Bruneic Malay
- Sabah Malay
- Brunei–Bacan Malay
- Bacanese Malay
- Brunei
- Banjar–Bukit Malay
- Northern Sumatra Malay
- Jambi Malay
- Bangka–Belitung Malay
- Bangka
- Loncong
- Kerinci–Minangkabau
- Kerinci
- Minangkabauic
- Lubu
- Minangkabau
- Negeri Sembilan Malay
- Pekal
- Greater Riau–Johoric
- Balinese Malay
- Central Malay
- Jakun
- Orang Kanaq
- Orang Selatar
- Temuan
- Tenggarong Kutai Malay
- Northeastern Peninsular Malay
- Kedah–Perak Malay
- Kelantan–Pattani Malay
- Urak Lawoiʼ
- Vehicular Malay
- Baba Malay
- Makassar Malay
- Malaccan Creole Malay
- Sri Lanka Malay
- Eastern Indonesia Trade Malay
- Kupang Malay
- Larantuka Malay
- Papuan Malay
- Ambonic Malay
- Manadoic Malay
- Gorap
- Manado Malay
- North Moluccan Malay
Position within Austronesian
The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:
- Malayo-Sumbawan
Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:
- Greater North Borneo
- North Borneo languages
- Central Sarawak languages
- Kayan–Murik languages
- Land Dayak languages
- Malayo–Chamic
- Chamic languages
- Malayic languages
- Rejang language
- Sundanese language
The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations, while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence.