North American English
Set of varieties of English language
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Dialects of English spoken by United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots. Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms diaper and gasoline are widely used instead of nappy and petrol). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct Americanisms, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media. The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the Atlantic provinces and parts of Vancouver Island where significant pockets of British culture still remain.
There are a considerable number of different accents within the regions of both the United States and Canada. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, and other regions of the British Isles mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new dialects in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American dialect mixture that solidified by the mid-18th century.
Dialects
American English
Ethnic American English
- African-American English
- American Indian English
- Cajun English
- Chicano English
- Miami Latino English
- New York Latino English
- Pennsylvania Dutch English
- Yeshiva English
Regional American English
- Midland American English
- New York City English
- Northern American English
- Inland Northern American ("Great Lakes") English
- New England English
- Eastern New England English
- Boston English
- Maine English
- Western New England English
- Eastern New England English
- North-Central American ("Upper Midwest") English
- Philadelphia English
- Baltimore English
- Southern American English
- Appalachian English
- High Tider English
- New Orleans English
- Older Southern American English
- Texan English
- Western American English
- California English
- Pacific Northwest English
- Western Pennsylvania ("Pittsburgh") English
Canadian English
- Aboriginal Canadian English
- Atlantic Canadian English
- Lunenburg English
- Newfoundland English
- Ottawa Valley English
- Pacific Northwest English
- Quebec English
- Standard Canadian English
Table of accents
Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics:
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Phonology
A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as rhoticity (full pronunciation of all sounds), conditioned T-glottalization (with satin pronounced , not ), T- and D-flapping (with metal and medal pronounced the same, as ), L-velarization (with filling pronounced , not ), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before (so that, Mary, marry, and merry are all commonly pronounced the same), raising of pre-voiceless (with price and bright using a higher vowel sound than prize and bride), the weak vowel merger (with affected and effected often pronounced the same), at least one of the LOT vowel mergers (the LOT–PALM merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the LOT–THOUGHT merger among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and yod-dropping (with tuesday pronounced , not ). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English.