Ough (orthography)

List of pronunciations

Slough has three pronunciations, depending on its meaning:

• (for the noun meaning a skin shed by an animal, for the verb derived from it, and for the adjective derived from it)
• (for the noun meaning a muddy area, and for the verb derived from it. Also for the noun meaning a state of depression)
• (alternative American pronunciation for the noun meaning a muddy area, and for the verb derived from it)

The town of Slough in the Thames Valley of England is .

An example sentence using the nine pronunciations commonly found in modern usage (and excluding hough, which is now a rarely used spelling) is, "The wind was rough along the lough as the ploughman fought through the snow, and though he hiccoughed and coughed, his work was thorough."

Another, slightly shorter example would be, "The rough, dough-faced ploughman fought through the borough to the lough, hiccoughing and coughing."

Other pronunciations can be found in proper nouns, many of which are of Celtic origin (Irish, Scottish or Welsh) rather than English. For example, ough can represent in the surname Coughlin, in Ayscough, and in the name Colcolough () in the United States.

The two occurrences of ⟨ough⟩ in the English place name Loughborough are pronounced differently, resulting in . Additionally, three parishes of Milton Keynes—Woughton , Loughton and Broughton — have different pronunciations of the combination.

Tough, though, through and thorough are formed by adding another letter each time, yet none of them rhyme (in American English, however, though and thorough both have ).

Some humorous verse has been written to illustrate this seeming incongruity:

• "A rough-coated, dough-faced ploughman strode, coughing and hiccoughing, thoughtfully through the streets of Scarborough."
• "O-U-G-H" by Charles Battell Loomis
• "Ough, a Phonetic Fantasy" by William Thomas Goodge
• "I take it you already know" by T. S. Watt
• "Enough Is Enough" by Rosemary Chen

Spelling reforms

Because of the unpredictability of the combination, many English spelling reformers have proposed replacing it with more phonetic combinations, some of which have caught on in varying degrees of formal and informal success. Generally, spelling reforms have been more widely accepted in the United States and less so in other English-speaking areas.

In April 1984, at its yearly meeting, the Simplified Spelling Society adopted the following reform as its house style:

• Change ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨uf⟩ when it is sounded as : enough → enuf, tough → tuf
• Change ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨of⟩ when it is sounded as or : cough → cof
• Shorten ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨ou⟩ when it is sounded as : bough → bou, drought → drout, plough → plou
• Shorten ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨o⟩ when it is sounded as : though → tho (but doh for dough)
• Change ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨au⟩ when it is sounded as : bought → baut, ought → aut, thought → thaut
• Shorten ⟨ough⟩ to ⟨u⟩ when it is sounded as : through → thru