She-wolf (Roman mythology)
Roman mythological creature
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Origins
Some scholars have argued that the she-wolf myth owes its origins to the early Etrusco-Italic indigenous influences just as much as the Ancient Greeks. They suggest that because wolves were the only major threat to the community in the northern Mediterranean area, they naturally translated this fear into superstitious awe and admiration of the power of wolves. Additionally, the adoption of the myth may have arisen from the commercial ties between the Etruscan cities, Tarquinii and Miletus. One legend claims that the Hirpini people were so-called because, when they set out to find their first colony, they were led to its location by a wolf (from the Osco-Umbrian word for wolf: hirpus). The tale of the Lupercal is central to that of the twins, and probably predates theirs. To the Roman god Mars, the wolf is a sacred animal. There is an ongoing debate about a connection to the ancient Roman festival of the Lupercalia.
In Greek mythology, Apollo's mother Leto is reported to have given birth to him as a she-wolf, to evade Hera.
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Literary sources
The three "canonical" versions of the myth—those of Livy, Plutarch and Dionysius of Halicarnassus—all draw heavily on Quintus Fabius Pictor. He is considered one of Rome's earliest historians and his now lost work describes the she-wolf and her episode with the twins. The twins were abandoned at the order of Amulius. Some tales claim that they were to be left along the riverbank, others that they were to be cast into the water. The servant charged with the task either thought better of it, or could not get close enough to do the deed because of the flooding. Instead, he left them in the standing water that had formed at the foot of Palatine Hill. The twins were found either after their basket had been left at the foot of the fig tree, or came to rest there after floating in the water. In each case, the she-wolf rescued them and gently cared for them in or near the Lupercal. Later, they were discovered by local shepherds.
Dionysius reports that the rains had raised the water so much so that Amulius' servant had to abandon the twins, before the intended spot (where the current was stronger). The basket, containing the twins, gently went with the receding water until it struck a stone, flipping the twins and the basket into the mud. The she-wolf then arrived and lowered her teats to the crying babes, and licked them clean of the mud.
After a shepherd happened upon the scene in the course of tending his flock, he ran to tell his companions, and a group gathered to witness the remarkable sight. The twins were clinging to her as she was their true mother. The she-wolf was nonplussed when the men began making a ruckus to scare her off. She withdrew into a cave that was sacred to the Greek colonists who had formerly lived in the area and held an altar to the nature god Pan.
Livy claims that the servants of Amulius dropped the twins in the standing water out of simple laziness. The fig tree just happened to be the first spot they came to and they figured the twins would drown no matter what. The twins cried in their basket until the waters receded and left them back on land. The she-wolf arrived from the hills looking for a drink of water when she heard their cries.
The servant was too afraid of the torrential waters to fully carry out the king's orders, according to Plutarch. After being left on the bank, the waters rose further and swept the twins away. It gently carried them along and then dropped them at the fig tree.
The three relay accounts wherein the term "lupa" refers not to a she-wolf, but is a slang word for prostitute. Plutarch tells two other stories not involving the she-wolf or abandonment. In one, the twins are fathered by Hercules after he wins a dice game. Their mother is the unwitting "prize". In another, the twins are switched at birth by their grandfather for a different pair of infants and secreted out of the city to be raised by shepherds and later, educated in nearby Gabii.
Iconography
Earliest representation
The Etruscan "Bolsena Mirror" features a depiction of the she-wolf and the twins surrounded by human and animal figures. Differences in interpretation have precluded virtually any consensus regarding many of its features. This includes its age. However, it is consistent with other such mirrors, made as bridal gifts, in 4th century BC Euritria, perhaps circa 330–340. The famous Capitoline Wolf may be of Etruscan or Old Latin origin. But, a discovery during its restoration in 2000 and radiocarbon dating has cast doubt on an ancient origin. An Etruscan stele from Bologna, dated to between 350 and 400 BC, depicts an animal, possibly a wolf, nursing a single infant. By 269 BC, the silver didrachm is the earliest depiction of the complete icon, with the characteristic "turning of the she-wolf's head" backward and downward at the twins.
The distinctive imagery of the she-wolf and the twins made it more recognizable than other symbols of the city, such as Roma, the patron deity of the city, or the Roman eagle. That was useful as the Roman world expanded and symbols of Rome became more important in maintaining unity. By the 1st century AD, the she-wolf was common in both Rome and the provinces. She and the twins were featured on the elaborate Ara Pacis, built in honor of Augustus and dedicated to Pax, the goddess of peace.
Coins with their depiction were minted and widely circulated. They were also produced in Roman Colonies as a way to express their own "Roman-ness". They have been found on personal items such as swords, buckles, lamps and statuettes as well as monuments, mosaic floors and funerary stones that date from the 1st through the 3rd centuries AD.
Early middle ages
The Franks Casket, an ornately carved Anglo-Saxon chest from the 8th–9th century, probably crafted in Northumbria, features the she-wolf and twins, along with a Runic account of the Romulus and Remus story. Other Anglo-Saxon artifacts and coins from the same period also feature them. The Byzantines continued to use the image, and coins attributed to them have been found in various locations in central Asia at sites located in modern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan along with an 8th-century Sogdian painted mural with a she-wolf, head turned back and down, suckling two infants.
Sports
The Italian football clubs A.S. Roma and S.S. Robur Siena use the imagery in their respective team logos.
Mussolini
The Fascist government of Benito Mussolini used the she-wolf as a symbol in various ways.
He made an organisation named 'Sons of the She-Wolf' (Italian: Figli della Lupa). This aimed to indoctrinate young children (aged six to eight). This was a section of the wider youth organisation: Opera Nazionale Balilla. This is an equivalent to the Hitler's Youth in Nazi Germany at the time.
Mussolini also gifted bronze copies of the famous statue of the she-wolf, named the Capitoline Wolf, and currently housed in the Capitoline Museum, to various foreign cities utilising the she-wolf as an image of Roman power and of a thriving 'New Rome'. The cities that were sent the statue are: Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Rome, Georgia, USA; Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan; Timisoara, Romania.
Mussolini also featured the she-wolf in much of his propaganda and building projects, such as The 1937 Mostra Augustea della Romanità, which featured the she-wolf as a central icon of the exhibition. This linked with the aim of the expedition: to celebrate the bimillenium of the Emperor Augustus. The Fascist regime also placed statues and images of the she-wolf on buildings and in prominent spaces, such as where it is still visible today in the area around the Mausoleum of Augustus, and the Foro Mussolini (now Foro Italico) sports complex.
Mussolini also changed the coinage and stamps to depict the she-wolf, using it as a symbol of imperial authority.
Coats of arms and emblems
Siena she-wolf
The Sienese have a traditional tale that the city was founded by Senius and Aschius, another pair of twins who were also suckled by a she-wolf. They were the sons of Remus and fled Rome after his death at the hands of their uncle Romulus. The legend cannot be attested to prior to the Renaissance. However, depictions of a she-wolf and twins are common in the city and some can be dated earlier.
Notes and coins
The she-wolf and twins appeared on what may have been the earliest silver coin ever minted in Rome.
Lupercalia
The Lupercalia was a very ancient festival even during Roman times. Roman historians speculated as to its origins. It may be associated with the god Lupercus, the god of shepherds and protector of flocks. Some historians link it to the she-wolf and the Lupercal.