Territoire de Belfort
Department of France
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Through Regions of France, Treaty of Versailles and Napoleon
History
The administrative district of Territoire de Belfort was created under the terms of the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt. The German Empire annexed almost all of Alsace. Still, the French were able to negotiate the retention of the Territoire de Belfort, which was thereby separated from the rest of Alsace (where it had been part of the department of Haut-Rhin). There were three principal reasons for this exceptional treatment:
- The population in and around Belfort was French-speaking.
- Belfort had demonstrated heroic resistance under Colonel Pierre Denfert-Rochereau against the German invasion. Belfort's left-wing Catholic Deputy Émile Keller now conducted a similarly forceful political campaign in the National Assembly. He argued that ceding heroic Belfort to Germany after the war would be unthinkable.
- Since Belfort is situated in a relatively flat passage between the Vosges and Jura mountain ranges (known as the Belfort Gap), the Germans agreed to leave the city in France, as Prussian military officers indicated that this strategy would give Germany a more defensible border.
After retaining its unique status as a territoire for just over half a century, Belfort was officially recognized as France's 90th department in 1922. Before, it was officially named the Arrondissement subsistant du Haut-Rhin ("Remaining Arrondissement of Haut-Rhin").
France had recovered Alsace three years earlier, but the decision was made not to reintegrate Belfort into its former department. There was talk of giving it a new departmental name, with suggestions that included "Savoureuse" (after the main river of the new department) or "Mont-Terrible" (the name of a former Napoleonic department embracing parts of Switzerland). Still, there was no consensus for a name change, and the department continues to be known as the Territoire de Belfort.
Belfort lies on the ridge that divides When the regions of France were created, Belfort was not included in the region of Alsace, but the adjacent region of Franche-Comté, since January 2016, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
The department do not have its own Cour d'assises but uses the one for the Haute-Saône.
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Geography
The department has an area of only 609 km2 (235 sq. miles), making it the fifth smallest of Metropolitan France (after Paris and its suburbs, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne). It is slightly smaller than Saint Lucia or Jakarta, Indonesia.
Principal towns
The most populous commune is Belfort, the prefecture, home to 33% of the department's population. As of 2023, there are 6 communes with more than 4,000 inhabitants:
Economy
The median net income per household for the department in 2017 was €21,310. The averaged figure for the Territoire de Belfort masked relatively large disparities, such as that between Belfort itself at €17,920 and Bermont at €26,600.
Population and demographics
Four principal phases can be identified in the population trends during the two centuries between 1801 and 2000.
- The period from 1800 to 1872 was marked by steady economic development and a relatively high birth rate. However, the cholera epidemic, which in 1851 arose from increasing urbanisation, along with a more general economic slow-down, reduced the rate of increase in the third quarter of the century. Between 1803 and 1872, the recorded population increased from 37,558 to 56,781.
- After the loss to Germany of most of Alsace in 1871, the Belfort population was boosted by the arrival of large numbers of refugees from "Germanisation": the years between 1871 and 1914 saw the development of large factories, with the mechanical and textile sectors being prominent growth areas. The population increase and the economic development were at their most intense in the Belfort conglomeration itself. By 1911, the territoire's population figure stood at 101,392.
- Between 1914 and 1945, the economic narrative was dominated by two world wars and the period of stagnation that came between them. The population declined, having dropped to 86,648 in 1946.
- After 1945, the region became a focus for industrial growth, with population levels following a similar rise trend, reaching 131,999 by 1982. Nevertheless, as in many parts of France, from about 1980 it became clear that the economic crisis of the 1970s was having a lasting effect, slowing the pace of expansion.
Administration
Its departmental code is 90, and its prefecture (capital) is Belfort. There is a single arrondissement (Belfort), which is subdivided into 9 cantons and thence into 101 communes.
The cantons are:
- Bavilliers
- Belfort-1
- Belfort-2
- Belfort-3
- Châtenois-les-Forges
- Delle
- Giromagny
- Grandvillars
- Valdoie
Politics
The president of the Departmental Council is Florian Bouquet, first elected in 2015.