The Book of the City of Ladies

Christine de Pizan also finished by 1405 The Treasure of the City of Ladies (Le tresor de la cité des dames de degré en degré, also known as The Book of the Three Virtues), a manual of education, dedicated to Princess Margaret of Burgundy. This aims to educate women of all estates, the latter telling women who have husbands: "If she wants to act prudently and have the praise of both the world and her husband, she will be cheerful to him all the time". Her Book and Treasure are her two best-known works, along with the poem Ditie de Jehanne D'Arc.

Summary

Part I

Part I opens with Christine reading from Matheolus's Lamentations, a work from the thirteenth century that addresses marriage and argues that women make men's lives miserable. Upon reading these words, Christine becomes upset and feels ashamed to be a woman: "This thought inspired such a great sense of disgust and sadness in me that I began to despise myself and the whole of my sex as an aberration in nature". The three Virtues then appear to Christine, and each lady tells Christine what her role will be in helping her build the City of Ladies. Lady Reason, a virtue developed by Christine for the purpose of her book, is the first to join Christine and helps her build the external walls of the city. She answers Christine's questions about why some men slander women, helping Christine to prepare the ground on which the city will be built. She tells Christine to "take the spade of [her] intelligence and dig deep to make a trench all around [the city] … [and Reason will] help to carry away the hods of earth on [her] shoulders." These "hods of earth" are the past beliefs Christine has held. Christine, in the beginning of the text, believed that women must truly be bad because she "could scarcely find a moral work by any author which didn't devote some chapter or paragraph to attacking the female sex. [Therefore she] had to accept [these authors] unfavourable opinion[s] of women since it was unlikely that so many learned men, who seemed to be endowed with such great intelligence and insight into all things, could possibly have lied on so many different occasions." Christine is not using reason to discover the merits of women. She believes all that she reads instead of putting her mind to listing all the great deeds women have accomplished. To help Christine see reason, Lady Reason comes and teaches Christine. She helps Christine dispel her own self-consciousness and the negative thoughts of past writers. By creating Lady Reason, Christine not only teaches her own allegorical self, but also her readers. She gives not only herself reason, but also gives readers, and women, reason to believe that women are not evil or useless creatures but instead have a significant place within society.

Women discussed

The following 36 women are discussed in Part I of the Book of the City of Ladies.

• Mary Magdalene
• Queen of Sheba
• Fredegund
• Blanche of Castile
• Jeanne d'Évreux
• Blanche of France
• Marie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou
• Semiramis
• Amazons: Thamiris, Menalippe, Hippolyta, Penthesilea, Synoppe, Lampheto, Marpesia, Orithyia
• Zenobia
• Artemisia II of Caria
• Lilia, mother of Theodoric
• Camilla
• Laodice of Cappadocia
• Cloelia
• Cornificia
• Faltonia Betitia Proba
• Sappho
• Manto
• Medea
• Circe
• Carmenta
• Minerva
• Ceres
• Isis
• Arachne
• Pamphile
• Thamaris
• Irene
• Iaia
• Sempronia
• Woman of Valor
• Gaia Cirilla (also known as Tanaquil)
• Dido
• Ops
• Lavinia

Part II

In Part II, Lady Rectitude says she will help Christine "construct the houses and buildings inside the walls of the City of Ladies" and fill it with inhabitants who are "valiant ladies of great renown". As they build, Lady Rectitude informs Christine with examples and "stories of pagan, Hebrew, and Christian ladies" who possessed the gift of prophecy, chastity, or devotion to their families and others. Christine and Lady Rectitude also discuss the institution of marriage, addressing Christine's questions regarding men's claims about the bad qualities women bring to marriage. Lady Rectitude corrects these misconceptions with examples of women who loved their husbands and acted virtuously, noting that those women who are evil toward their husbands are "like creatures who go totally against their nature". Lady Rectitude also refutes allegations that women are unchaste, inconstant, unfaithful, and mean by nature through her stories. This part ends with Christine addressing women and asking them to pray for her as she continues her work with Lady Justice to complete the city.

Women discussed

The following 92 women are discussed in Part II of the Book of the City of Ladies.

• Sibyls: Erythraean Sibyl, Cumaean Sibyl
• Deborah
• Elizabeth
• Anna the Prophetess
• Queen of Sheba
• Cassandra
• Basina of Thuringia
• Carmenta
• Theodora
• Dripetrua
• Hypsipyle
• the virgin Claudine (Claudia (vestal))
• Roman Charity
• Griselda
• Hypsicratea
• Triaria
• Artemisia I of Caria
• Argea
• Agrippina the Elder
• Julia
• Aemilia Tertia
• Xanthippe
• Pompeia Paulina
• Sulpicia (wife of Lentulus Cruscellio)
• Lacedaemonian women who saved their husbands from execution
• Porcia (wife of Brutus)
• Curia
• Cornelia Metella
• Andromache
• Antonina (wife of Belisarius)
• Stateira II
• Mary, mother of Jesus
• Bithia
• Judith
• Esther
• The Rape of the Sabine Women
• Veturia
• Clotilde
• Catulla
• Saint Genevieve
• Hortensia
• Novella d'Andrea
• Susanna
• Sarah
• Rebecca
• Ruth
• Penelope
• Mariamne I
• Antonia Minor
• Sulpitia
• Lucretia
• Chiomara
• Hippo
• Sicambrian women
• Verginia
• Claudia Octavia
• Claudia Antonia
• Athaliah
• Jezebel
• Brunhilda of Austrasia
• Florence of Rome
• Wife of Bernabo the Genovan
• Leaena
• Dido
• Medea
• Thisbe
• Hero
• Ghismonda of Salerno
• Lisabetta of Messina
• Dame de Fayel
• Dame de Vergi
• Iseult
• Deianira
• Juno
• Europa
• Jocasta
• Medusa
• Helen of Troy
• Polyxena
• Claudia Quinta
• Blanche of Castile
• Busa of Canosa di Puglia
• Marguerite, Dame de la Riviere
• Isabeau of Bavaria
• Joan of Armagnac
• Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans
• Margaret of Bavaria
• Marie, Duchess of Auvergne
• Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria
• Isabella of Valois
• Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol
• Anne de Bourbon

Part III

In Part III, Lady Justice joins with Christine to "add the finishing touches" to the city, including bringing a queen to rule the city. Lady Justice tells Christine of female saints who were praised for their martyrdom. At the close of this part, Christine makes another address to all women announcing the completion of the City of Ladies. She beseeches them to defend and protect the city and to follow their queen (the Virgin Mary). She also warns the women against the lies of slanderers, saying, "Drive back these treacherous liars who use nothing but tricks and honeyed words to steal from you that which you should keep safe above all else: your chastity and your glorious good name".

Women discussed

The following 37 women are discussed in Part III of the Book of the City of Ladies.

• The Virgin Mary
• The Virgin Mary's sisters and Mary Magdalene
• Saint Catherine of Alexandria
• Saint Margaret of Antioch
• Saint Lucy of Rome
• Martina of Rome
• Saint Lucy (different than the Saint Lucy above)
• Saint Benedicta
• Saint Fausta
• Saints Cyprian and Justina
• Blessed Eulalia
• Saint Macra
• Saint Fida
• Blessed Marciana
• Saint Euphemia
• Blessed Theodosina
• Saint Barbara
• Saint Dorothy
• offhanded mention of Saint Cecilia, Saint Agnes of Rome, and Saint Agatha of Sicily
• Saint Christina of Bolsena
• Felicitas of Rome
• Julitta
• blessed Blandina
• Marina the Monk
• Euphrosyne of Alexandria
• Anastasia of Sirmium and Agape, Chionia, and Irene
• Blessed Theodota
• Saint Natalia of Nicomedia
• Saint Afra
• Several ladies who served the Apostles: Drusiana, Susanna, Maximilla, Saint Ephigenia, Helena of Adiabene, Saint Plautilla, Saints Julian and Basilissa