Ugaritic texts

The most famous of the Ugarit texts are the approximately fifty epic poems; the three major literary texts are the Baal Cycle, the Legend of Keret, and the Tale of Aqhat. The other texts include 150 tablets describing the Ugaritic cult and rituals, 100 letters of correspondence, a very small number of legal texts (Akkadian is considered to have been the contemporary language of law), and hundreds of administrative or economic texts.

Unique among the Ugarit texts are the earliest known abecedaries, lists of letters in alphabetic cuneiform, where not only the canonical order of the later Phoenician script is evidenced, but also the traditional names for letters of the alphabet.

Other tablets found in the same location were written in other cuneiform languages (Sumerian, Hurrian, and Akkadian), as well as Egyptian and Luwian hieroglyphs, and Cypro-Minoan.

Discoveries

Initial discovery

On excavation of the city of Ugarit, found accidentally in 1928–29 at Ras Shamra, Syria, several deposits of cuneiform clay tablets were found; all dating from the last phase of Ugarit, around 1200 BC. The texts were found to be written in an otherwise unknown Northwest Semitic language. Other tablets found in the same location were written in other cuneiform languages (Sumerian, Hurrian and Akkadian), as well as Egyptian and Luwian hieroglyphs, and Cypro-Minoan.

The tablets were found in diplomat, (Rapanu’s) private palace library, and his temple library. His libraries were a rarity of the times. His libraries at Ugarit contained diplomatic, legal, economic, administrative, scholastic, literary and religious texts.

1958 excavations

During excavations in 1958, yet another library of tablets was uncovered. These were, however, sold on the black market and not immediately recovered. The "Claremont Ras Shamra Tablets" are now housed at the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, School of Religion, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California. They were edited by Loren R. Fisher in 1971.

1973 excavations

After 1970, succeeding Claude Schaeffer were Henri de Contenson, followed by Jean Margueron, Marguerite Yon, then Yves Calvet and Bassam Jamous, who since 2005 has held the office of Director General of Antiquities and Museums. In 1973, an archive containing around 120 tablets was discovered during rescue excavations.

1994 excavations

In 1994 more than 300 further tablets dating to the end of the Late Bronze Age were discovered within a large ashlar masonry building.