APG IV system
2016 revision of a flowering plant classification
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Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.
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Key to symbols used:
- * = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009
- † = the order has been added since the APG III system
Basal angiosperms
- Amborellales Melikyan et al.
- Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons.
- Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
- Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
- Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
- Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons.
- Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
- Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.
Magnoliids
- Canellales Cronq.
- Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.
- Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
- Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
- Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
- Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)
- Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
- Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
- Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons.
- Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Siparunaceae Schodde
- Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons.
- Atherospermataceae R.Br.
- Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.
Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade
- Chloranthales Mart.
- Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.
Monocots
- Acorales Mart.
- Acoraceae Martinov
- Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Tofieldiaceae Takht.
- Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
- Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
- Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons.
- Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons. *
- Maundiaceae Nakai *
- Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
- Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons.
- Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons.
- Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.
- Petrosaviales Takht.
- Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- Dioscoreales Mart.
- Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
- Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.)
- Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
- Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
- Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Liliales Perleb
- Campynemataceae Dumort.
- Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
- Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
- Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons.
- Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
- Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
- Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Asparagales Link
- Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al.
- Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Asteliaceae Dumort.
- Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
- Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected)
- Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
- Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al.
- Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
- Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Arecales Bromhead
- Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
- Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
- Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
- Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Zingiberales Griseb.
- Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons.
- Heliconiaceae Vines
- Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Costaceae Nakai
- Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Poales Small
- Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
- Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
- Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)
Probable sister of eudicots
- Ceratophyllales Link
- Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.
Eudicots
- Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
- Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
- Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
- Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq.
- Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.
- Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
- Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)
Core eudicots
- Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
- Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons.
- Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.
- Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
- Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
Superrosids
- Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
- Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons.
- Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Daphniphyllaceae Müll.Arg., nom. cons.
- Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Aphanopetalaceae Doweld
- Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai
- Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
- Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
Rosids
- Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Fabids
- Zygophyllales Link
- Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Fabales Bromhead
- Quillajaceae D.Don
- Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
- Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
- Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons.
- Dirachmaceae Hutch.
- Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
- Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Fagales Engl.
- Nothofagaceae Kuprian.
- Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
- Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez
- Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.
- Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht. *
- Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
- Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
- Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
COM clade; placement uncertain
- Celastrales Link
- Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard, nom. cons.
- Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Huaceae A.Chev.
- Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
- Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman)
- Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça
- Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
- Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
- Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
- Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
- Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
- Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff.
- Putranjivaceae Meisn.
- Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
- Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
- Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
- Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti
- Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
- Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
- Goupiaceae Miers
- Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
- Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
- Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Peraceae Klotzsch *
- Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
- Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. *
- Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
- Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Malvids
- Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)
- Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
- Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
- Alzateaceae S.A.Graham
- Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.
- Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
- Aphloiaceae Takht.
- Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons.
- Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
- Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter
- Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Picramniales Doweld
- Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn
- Huerteales Doweld
- Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford
- Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al. *
- Tapisciaceae Takht.
- Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.
- Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
- Nitrariaceae Lindl.
- Kirkiaceae Takht.
- Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae')
- Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Cytinaceae A.Rich.
- Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
- Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
- Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
- Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
- Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
- Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. *
- Brassicales Bromhead
- Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
- Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons.
- Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Setchellanthaceae Iltis
- Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
- Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw
- Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons.
- Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel
- Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
- Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', Forchhammeria Liebm.)
- Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
- Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)
Superasterids
- Berberidopsidales Doweld
- Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
- Berberidopsidaceae Takht.
- Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Olacaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
- Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
- Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
- Santalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
- Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Schoepfiaceae Blume
- Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons.
- Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
- Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
- Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons.
- Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al.
- Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
- Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
- Rhabdodendraceae Prance
- Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
- Physenaceae Takht.
- Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
- Macarthuriaceae Christenh. *
- Microteaceae Schäferhoff & Borsch *
- Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
- Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Stegnospermataceae Nakai
- Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal *
- Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
- Kewaceae Christenh. *
- Barbeuiaceae Nakai
- Gisekiaceae Nakai
- Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons. *
- Petiveriaceae C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
- Sarcobataceae Behnke
- Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons. *
- Montiaceae Raf.
- Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
- Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
- Halophytaceae S.Soriano
- Talinaceae Doweld
- Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
- Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Asterids
- Cornales Link
- Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
- Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Curtisiaceae Takht.
- Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
- Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
- Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
- Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons.
- Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
- Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
- Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Ebenaceae Gürke, nom. cons.
- Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
- Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
- Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
- Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
- Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
- Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
- Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
- Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear)
Lamiids
- Icacinales Tiegh. †
- Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw
- Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons. *
- Metteniusales Takht. †
- Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. *
- Garryales Mart.
- Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons.
- Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
- Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
- Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
- Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
- Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)
- Vahliales Doweld †
- Vahliaceae Dandy
- Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
- Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons.
- Hydroleaceae R.Br.
- Lamiales Bromhead
- Plocospermataceae Hutch.
- Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
- Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
- Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
- Calceolariaceae Olmstead
- Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
- Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
- Linderniaceae Borsch et al.
- Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.
- Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
- Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
- Schlegeliaceae Reveal
- Thomandersiaceae Sreem.
- Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
- Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
- Mazaceae Reveal
- Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. *
- Paulowniaceae Nakai
- Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)
Campanulids
- Aquifoliales Senft
- Stemonuraceae Kårehed
- Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
- Phyllonomaceae Small
- Helwingiaceae Decne.
- Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
- Asterales Link
- Rousseaceae DC.
- Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
- Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
- Phellinaceae Takht.
- Argophyllaceae Takht.
- Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
- Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
- Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)
- Escalloniales Link
- Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
- Bruniales Dumort.
- Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
- Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.
- Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal
- Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw
- Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
- Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Apiales Nakai
- Pennantiaceae J.Agardh
- Torricelliaceae Hu
- Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop.
- Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
- Myodocarpaceae Doweld
- Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)
Phylogeny
Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.
More in Plants
Molecular phylogeneticsBranch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differencesMicrometreUnit of length; one millionth of a metrePerennialPlant that lives for more than two yearsDeciduousPlants that shed leaves seasonallyGram-negative bacteriaGroup of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiationLegumePlants in the family Fabaceae