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- R/K selection theoryEcological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
- Rabconnectin-3ARabconnectin-3A (Rbcn-3A) or DmX (Drosophila melanogaster X-gene) is a gene located on the
- Race and intelligenceDiscussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines
- Race suicideAlarmist term used in eugenics
- Rachel KarchinComputational biologist
- Racism in the United StatesRacism has been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices, and actions (including violen
- Radial fossaThe radial fossa is a slight depression found on the humerus above the front part of the c
- Radiation hormesisUnproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
- RadicleRadicle forms the future root
- RadioresistanceLevel of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand
- Radius (bone)One of the two long bones of the forearm
- Ralstonia solanacearumDisease bacteria of tomato family, others
- Random amplification of polymorphic DNADNA profiling technique
- Random coilIn polymer chemistry, a random coil is a conformation of polymers where the monomer subuni
- Randy SchekmanAmerican cell biologist
- Randy ThornhillAmerican entomologist and evolutionary biologist (born 1944)
- Rapid amplification of cDNA endsLaboratory technique used in molecular biology
- Rapid eye movement sleepPhase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements
- Rare biosphereRare species of bacteria
- Ras GTPaseGTP-binding proteins functioning on cell-cycle regulation
- Ras superfamilyThe Ras superfamily, derived from "Rat sarcoma virus", is a protein superfamily of small G
- Rate of evolutionThe rate of evolution is quantified as the speed of genetic or morphological change in a l
- Rate of natural increaseBirth rate minus death rate of a population
- Rate-limiting step (biochemistry)Slowest step in a series of biochemical reactions
- Rational designIn chemical biology and biomolecular engineering, rational design (RD) is an umbrella term
- Raymond L. RodriguezAmerican professor of biology
- Raymond LindemanRaymond Laurel Lindeman (July 24, 1915 – June 29, 1942) was an ecologist whose graduate re
- RCCXHuman genetic cluster on chromosome 6
- Reaction normIn ecology and genetics, a reaction norm, also called a norm of reaction, describes the pa
- Read (biology)In DNA sequencing, a read is an inferred sequence of base pairs (or base pair probabilitie
- Reading frameSpecific grouping of nucleotides into threes
- Real-time polymerase chain reactionLaboratory technique of molecular biology
- RecADNA repair protein
- Recapitulation theoryIdea that an animal's developmental stages resemble its evolutionary ancestors
- Recent human evolutionBiological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
- Receptor (biochemistry)Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell
- RecombinaseRecombinases are genetic recombination enzymes.
- Recombinase-mediated cassette exchangeRMCE (recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) is a procedure in reverse genetics allowing
- Recombination hotspotGenome region with relatively high rate of recombination
- Recombination signal sequencesSequences of noncoding DNA
- RecombineeringRecombineering (recombination-mediated genetic engineering) is a genetic and molecular bio
- RectumFinal portion of the large intestine
- Rectum, NetherlandsRectum is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is part of the municipality of
- Red hairHuman hair color
- Red Queen hypothesisConcept in evolutionary biology
- Red Queen's raceThe Red Queen's race is an incident that appears in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Gl
- Reference genomeDigital nucleic acid sequence database
- RefSeqDatabase containing reference sequences of genes, proteins and transcripts
- Reginald PunnettReginald Crundall Punnett FRS (; 20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist w
- Regulation of gene expressionBiological cell regulation mechanisms
- Regulation of genetic engineeringThe regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the Unit
- Regulator geneGene involved in controlling expression of other genes
- Regulatory sequenceSegment of nucleic acid that affects the expression of associated genes
- Regurgitation (digestion)Type of eating behaviour
- Reich Chamber of CultureThe Reich Chamber of Culture (Reichskulturkammer, abbreviated as RKK) was a government age
- Reinforcement (speciation)Process of increasing reproductive isolation
- Release factorA release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizin
- RelictSurviving remnant of a natural phenomenon
- Relict (biology)Taxon that was more prevalent in the past but is still extant
- Religion in Nazi GermanyGermany, under the Nazi regime, was an overwhelmingly Christian country. A census in May 1
- Religious aspects of NazismHistorians, political scientists and philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focu
- Religious exemptionA religious exemption is a legal privilege that exempts members of a certain religion from
- Religious views of Adolf HitlerThe religious beliefs of Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, hav
- René DubosFrench-American microbiologist
- RennetEnzymes from the stomachs of ruminants, used in cheese production
- RenordificationConcept used by Nazi theorists
- Repeated sequence (DNA)Patterns of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome
- Replica platingMicrobiological technique
- Replication factor CThe replication factor C, or RFC, is a five-subunit protein complex that is required for D
- Replicon (genetics)DNA region replicating from a single origin
- ReplisomeMolecular complex
- Reporter geneTechnique in molecular biology
- Repression of heat shock gene expression (ROSE) elementThe repression of heat shock gene expression (ROSE) element is an RNA element found in the
- RepressorSort of RNA-binding protein in molecular genetics
- Reproductive isolationEvolutionary mechanism for speciation
- Reproductive successPassing of genes on to the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes
- Reproductive suppressionInhibition of reproduction in otherwise healthy adults
- ReprogrammingEpigenetic phenomenon
- Respiratory quotientRatio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body
- Response elementResponse elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region tha
- Response regulatorIn molecular biology, a response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to
- Resting sporeA resting spore is a resistant cell, adapted to survive adverse environmental conditions.
- Restriction enzymeClass of enzymes that divide DNA
- Restriction fragment length polymorphismMolecular biology technique
- Restriction mapDiagram of restriction sites within a DNA sequence
- Restriction modification systemDefense system in bacteria and archaea
- Restriction siteDNA region at which restriction enzymes cleave
- Reticulate evolutionMerging of lineages
- RetinaPart of the eye
- RetinolChemical compound
- RetortamonadThe retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines
- RetroposonGenetic element
- RetrotransposonType of genetic component
- Retroviral matrix proteinRetroviral matrix proteins are components of envelope-associated capsids of retroviruses.
- Retrovirology (journal)Retrovirology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering basic research on
- RetrovirusFamily of viruses
- RetrozymeRetrozymes are a family of retrotransposons first discovered in the genomes of plants but
- Reverse geneticsMethod in molecular genetics
- Reverse Krebs cycleBiochemical reaction sequence
- Reverse transcriptaseEnzyme which generates DNA
- Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactionLaboratory technique to multiply an RNA sample for study
- RfamOnline database of non-coding RNA and other RNA elements
- RhabdoviridaeFamily of viruses in the order Mononegavirales
- RhadinovirusGenus of viruses
- Rheotaxis(Positive) Rheotaxis is a form of taxis seen in many aquatic organisms, e.g., fish, whereb
- Rhinosporidium seeberiEukaryotic pathogen
- RhinovirusGenus of viruses (Enterovirus)
- Rhipicephalus sanguineusRhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly called the brown dog tick, kennel tick, or pantropical
- RhizobacteriaGroup of bacteria affecting plant growth
- RhizobiaceaeFamily of bacteria
- RhizobiumGenus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- Rhizobium rhizogenesRhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) is a Gram-negative soil bacterium
- RhizoidRhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and al
- RhizomeUnderground stem in which various plants asexually reproduce via budding
- RhizosphereRegion of soil or substrate comprising the root microbiome
- Rho factorA ρ factor (Rho factor) is a bacterial protein involved in the termination of transcriptio
- RhodococcusRhodococcus is a genus of aerobic, nonsporulating, nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria closel
- Rhodococcus equiSpecies of bacterium
- RhodopsinLight-sensitive receptor protein
- RhodospirillaceaeFamily of bacteria
- RhodospirillalesThe Rhodospirillales are an order of Pseudomonadota.
- RibLong bone in vertebrates that protects vital respiratory and cardiovascular organs
- Rib cageBone structure of the thorax
- Ribonuclease HRibonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonucle
- Ribonuclease PClass of enzymes
- RibonucleotideNucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component
- RiboseGroup of simple sugar and carbohydrate compounds
- Ribose 5-phosphateRibose 5-phosphate (R5P) is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pa
- Ribosomal DNAGenes coding for ribosomal RNA
- Ribosomal frameshiftPhenomenon during translation of mRNA
- Ribosomal pauseQueueing of ribosomes during protein synthesis
- Ribosomal proteinProteins found in ribosomes
- Ribosomal RNARNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms
- Ribosome biogenesisCellular process
- Ribosome-binding siteSequence of nucleotides
- RiboviriaRealm of viruses
- RibozymeType of RNA molecules
- RibulokinaseIn enzymology, a ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical react
- RibuloseRibulose is a ketopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a
- Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphateChemical compound
- Richard A. HoughtenRichard A. Houghten is a heterocyclic organic chemist and founder of the journal Peptide R
- RickettsiaGenus of bacteria
- Rickettsia peacockiiRickettsia peacockii is a species of gram negative Alphaproteobacteria of the spotted feve
- Rickettsia prowazekiiSpecies of bacterium
- Rickettsia rickettsiiSpecies of bacterium
- Rickettsia typhiRickettsia typhi is a small, aerobic, obligate intracellular, rod shaped gram negative bac
- RickettsialesOrder of bacteria
- RickettsialpoxRickettsialpox is a mite-borne infectious illness caused by bacteria of the genus Ricketts
- RikenellaceaeRikenellaceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria described by Noel R. Krieg in 2015. It
- Ring speciesConnected series of neighbouring populations
- Ripple effectDisturbance that propagates through a system
- RNA activationBiological gene-regulation phenomenon
- RNA editingMolecular process
- RNA interferenceBiological process of gene regulation
- RNA polymeraseEnzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA during Transcription
- RNA polymerase IRNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only
- RNA polymerase IIProtein complex for mRNA transcription
- RNA polymerase II holoenzymeForm of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II
- RNA polymerase IVRNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) is an enzyme that synthesizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) in
- RNA polymerase VRNA polymerase V (Pol V), previously known as RNA polymerase IVb, is a multisubunit plant
- RNA splicingProcess in molecular biology
- RNA thermometerTemperature-dependent RNA structure
- RNA virusSubclass of viruses
- RNA worldHypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
- RNA-dependent RNA polymeraseEnzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
- RNA-SeqLab technique in cellular biology
- RNAs present in environmental samplesA wide variety of non-coding RNAs have been identified in various species of organisms kno
- RNR1RNR1 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 1) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 13
- RNR3RNR3 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 3) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 15
- RNR4RNR4 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 4) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 21
- RNR5RNR5 (RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 5) is a human ribosomal DNA gene located on Chromosome 22
- Robert Greenleaf LeavittDr. Robert Greenleaf Leavitt (1865–1942) was an early American Harvard-educated botanist a
- Robert Rosen (biologist)American theoretical biologist
- Robert TempletonEnglish naturalist and entomologist (1802-1892)
- Robin Baker (biologist)Robin Baker (born 13 March 1944) is a British novelist, popular science writer, lecturer a
- Robustness (evolution)Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
- Rod cellPhotoreceptor cells that can function in lower light better than cone cells
- Rolls-Royce North AmericaRolls-Royce North America, Inc. is a subsidiary of multinational corporation Rolls-Royce p
- Root capTissue at the tip of a plant root
- Root hairPart of plant root
- Root mucilageRoot mucilage is made of plant-specific polysaccharides or long chains of sugar molecules.
- Root pressureTransverse osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system
- RoseolovirusGenus of viruses
- Rossmann foldThe Rossmann fold is a tertiary fold found in proteins that bind nucleotides, such as enzy
- RotaliidaOrder of single-celled organisms
- Rotating locomotion in living systemsRotational self-propulsion of organisms
- Rous sarcoma virusRous sarcoma virus (RSV) () is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been descri
- RpoBThe rpoB gene encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and the homologous plastid
- RuaniaceaeRuaniaceae is an Actinomycete family with two monotypic genera.
- Rubella virusSpecies of virus
- RuBisCOKey enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
- RubrobacterRubrobacter is a genus of Actinomycetota. It is radiotolerant and may rival Deinococcus ra
- RuminococcusGenus of bacteria
- Run-and-tumble motionRun-and-tumble motion is a movement pattern exhibited by certain bacteria and other micros
- Rupert RiedlRupert Riedl (22 February 1925 – 18 September 2005) was an Austrian zoologist.
- Ryukichi InadaJapanese physician
- Ryukyu spiny ratThe Ryukyu spiny rat (Tokudaia osimensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. En
