Mononym

In indigenous cultures of the Americas

Naming practices of indigenous peoples of the Americas are highly variable, with one individual often bearing more than one name over a lifetime. In European and American histories, prominent Native Americans are usually mononymous, using a name that was frequently garbled and simplified in translation. For example, the Aztec emperor whose name was preserved in Nahuatl documents as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin was called "Montezuma" in subsequent histories. In current histories, he is often named Moctezuma II, using the European custom of assigning regnal numbers to hereditary heads of state.

Native Americans from the 15th through 19th centuries, whose names are often thinly documented in written sources, are still commonly referenced with a mononym. Examples include Anacaona (Haiti, 1464–1504), Agüeybaná (Puerto Rico, died 1510), Diriangén (Nicaragua, died 1523), Urracá (Panama, died 1531), Guamá (Cuba, died 1532), Atahualpa (Peru, 1497–1533), Lempira (Honduras, died 1537), Lautaro (Chile, 1534–1557), Tamanaco (Venezuela, died 1573), Pocahontas (United States, 1595–1617), Auoindaon (Canada, fl. 1623), Cangapol (Argentina, fl. 1735), and Tecumseh (United States, 1768–1813).

Prominent Native Americans having a parent of European descent often received a European-style polynym in addition to a name or names from their indigenous community. The name of the Dutch-Seneca diplomat Cornplanter is a translation of a Seneca-language mononym (Kaintwakon, roughly "corn-planter"). He was also called "John Abeel" after his Dutch father. His later descendants, including Jesse Cornplanter, used "Cornplanter" as a surname instead of "Abeel".

Some North American Indigenous people continue their nations' traditional naming practices, which may include the use of single names. In Canada, where government policy often included the imposition of Western-style names, one of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was for all provinces and territories to waive fees to allow Indigenous people to legally assume traditional names, including mononyms. In Ontario, for example, it is now legally possible to change to a single name or register one at birth, for members of Indigenous nations which have a tradition of single names.

In Asian cultures

In modern times, in countries that have long been part of the East Asian cultural sphere (Japan, the Koreas, Vietnam, and China), mononyms are rare. An exception pertains to the Emperor of Japan. In Japan, the emperor and his family have no surname, only a given name, such as Hirohito, which in practice in Japanese is rarely used: out of respect and as a measure of politeness, Japanese prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince".

In the past, mononyms were common in Indonesia, especially in Javanese names. Some younger people may have them, but this practice is becoming rarer, since mononyms are no longer allowed for newborns since 2022 (see Naming law § Indonesia).

Single names still also occur in Tibet. Most Afghans also have no surname.

In Bhutan, most people use either only one name or a combination of two personal names typically given by a Buddhist monk. There are no inherited family names; instead, Bhutanese differentiate themselves with nicknames or prefixes.

In cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean

Antiquity

The structure of persons' names has varied across time and geography. In some societies, individuals have been mononymous, receiving only a single name. Alulim, first king of Sumer, is one of the earliest names known; Narmer, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, is another. In addition, Biblical names like Adam, Eve, Moses, or Abraham, were typically mononymous, as were names in the surrounding cultures of the Fertile Crescent.

Ancient Greek names like Heracles, Homer, Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle, also follow the pattern, with epithets (similar to second names) only used subsequently by historians to distinguish between individuals with the same name, as in the case of Zeno the Stoic and Zeno of Elea; likewise, patronymics or other biographic details (such as city of origin, or another place name or occupation the individual was associated with) were used to specify whom one was talking about, but these details were not considered part of the name.

A departure from this custom occurred, for example, among the Romans, who by the Republican period and throughout the Imperial period used multiple names: a male citizen's name comprised three parts (this was mostly typical of the upper class, while others would usually have only two names): praenomen (given name), nomen (clan name) and cognomen (family line within the clan) – the nomen and cognomen were almost always hereditary. Famous ancient Romans who today are usually referred to by mononym include Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) and Terence (Publius Terentius Afer). Roman emperors, for example Augustus, Caligula, and Nero, are also often referred to in English by mononym.

Mononyms in other ancient cultures include Hannibal, the Celtic queen Boudica, and the Numidian king Jugurtha.

Medieval era

Composers in the ars nova and ars subtilior styles of late medieval music were often known mononymously—potentially because their names were sobriquets—such as Borlet, Egardus, Egidius, Grimace, Solage, and Trebor.

Modern era

Examples of mononymy in the Dutch Renaissance include the scholar and theologian Erasmus and the painter Rembrandt.

Some French authors have shown a preference for mononyms. In the 17th century, the dramatist and actor Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622–73) took the mononymic stage name Molière.

In the 18th century, François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778) adopted the mononym Voltaire, for both literary and personal use, in 1718 after his imprisonment in Paris' Bastille, to mark a break with his past. The new name combined several features. It was an anagram for a Latinized version (where "u" become "v", and "j" becomes "i") of his family surname, "Arouet, l[e] j[eune]" ("Arouet, the young"); it reversed the syllables of the name of the town his father came from, Airvault; and it has implications of speed and daring through similarity to French expressions such as voltige, volte-face and volatile. "Arouet" would not have served the purpose, given that name's associations with "roué" and with an expression that meant "for thrashing".

The 19th-century French author Marie-Henri Beyle (1783–1842) used many pen names, most famously the mononym Stendhal, adapted from the name of the little Prussian town of Stendal, birthplace of the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, whom Stendhal admired.

Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820–1910) was an early French photographer.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, most Italian castrato singers used mononyms as stage names (e.g. Caffarelli, Farinelli).

The German writer, mining engineer, and philosopher Georg Friedrich Philipp Freiherr von Hardenberg (1772–1801) became famous as Novalis.

The 18th-century Italian painter Bernardo Bellotto (ca. 1721 – 1780), who is now ranked as an important and original painter in his own right, traded on the mononymous pseudonym of his uncle and teacher, Antonio Canal (Canaletto), in those countries — Poland and Germany — where his famous uncle was not active, calling himself likewise "Canaletto". Bellotto remains commonly known as "Canaletto" in those countries to this day.

The 19th-century Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820–87), better known by his mononymous pen name Multatuli (from the Latin multa tuli, "I have suffered [or borne] many things"), became famous for the satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860), in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

Surnames were introduced in Turkey only after World War I, by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his Westernization and modernization programs.

The 20th-century British author Hector Hugh Munro (1870–1916) became known by his pen name, Saki.

Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (1873–1954), known mononymously as Colette, was a French author, mime, actress, and journalist best known in the Anglophone world for her 1944 novella Gigi, which was adapted as a 1958 film and a 1973 musical stage production.

In 20th-century Poland, the theater-of-the-absurd playwright, novelist, painter, photographer, and philosopher Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939) after 1925 often used the mononymous pseudonym Witkacy, a conflation of his surname (Witkiewicz) and middle name (Ignacy).

The Syrian poet Ali Ahmad Said Esber (born 1930) at age 17 adopted the mononym pseudonym Adunis, sometimes also spelled "Adonis". A perennial contender for the Nobel Prize in literature, he has been described as the greatest living poet of the Arab world.

Monarchs and other royalty, for example Napoleon, have traditionally used a mononym, modified when necessary by an ordinal or epithet (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II or Charles the Great). This is not always the case: King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden has two names. While many European royals have formally sported long chains of names, in practice they have tended to use only one or two and not to use surnames.

Roman Catholic popes have traditionally adopted a single regnal name upon their election. John Paul I broke with this tradition – adopting a double name honoring his two predecessors – and his successor John Paul II followed suit, but Benedict XVI reverted to the use of a single name.

Elsewhere

In the West, mononymity, as well as its use by royals in conjunction with titles, has been primarily used or given to famous people such as prominent writers, artists, entertainers, musicians and athletes.

The comedian and illusionist Teller, the silent half of the duo Penn & Teller, legally changed his original polynym, Raymond Joseph Teller, to the mononym "Teller" and possesses a United States passport issued in that single name. Similarly, Kanye West legally changed his name to the mononym "Ye".

There are also instances in which individuals choose to be referred to mononymously solely in professional settings; for example, artists Sia (Sia Kate Isobelle Furler) and SOPHIE (Sophie Xeon).

Certain computer systems do not support mononyms, many still requiring a given name and a surname. Some users get around this by entering generic placeholders such as a full stop, their title, or repeating the mononym in the surname field.

Sportspeople

In Brazil, it is very common for sportspeople, especially footballers, to go by one name both for simplicity and as a personal brand. Examples include Pelé, Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Kaká, Casemiro, Neymar, Raphinha and Ronaldinho.

Incumbent President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is simply known as "Lula", a nickname he officially added to his full name.

Such mononyms, which take their origin in given names, surnames or nicknames, are often used because Portuguese names tend to be rather long.

Players from other countries where Portuguese is spoken, such as Portugal itself and Lusophone countries in Africa, also occasionally use mononyms, such as Bruma, Otávio, Pepe, Toti and Vitinha from Portugal, as well as Vozinha from Cape Verde.

In Australia, where nicknames and short names are extremely common, individuals with long names of European origin (such as soccer manager Ange Postecoglou, who was born in Greece) will often be referred to by a mononym, even in news headlines. Similarly, outside Greece, the Greek basketball player Giannis Antetokounmpo is often referred to as just "Giannis" due to the length of his last name.