Banga Mata

In Amar Sonar Bangla, the national anthem of Bangladesh, Rabindranath Tagore used the word "Maa" (Mother) numerous times to refer to the motherland, i.e., Bengal. Despite her popularity in patriotic songs and poems, her physical representations and images are rare.

History

Swadeshi movement

The Swadeshi movement was a campaign that promoted self-sufficiency through the use of domestically produced goods while rejecting British products. It emerged as a major response to the partition of Bengal, which was announced by the colonial administration in December 1903 and formally implemented in 1905. The movement contributed significantly to the growth of Indian nationalism. During this period, Abanindranath Tagore created the painting originally titled Banga Mata, which was later renamed Bharat Mata on the suggestion of Sister Nivedita. The painting came to symbolize nationalist aspirations and became closely associated with the ideals of the Swadeshi movement.

First partition of Bengal

The first incarnations of Mother Bengal, or Bangamata, emerged during resistance to the partition of Bengal. The partition took place in October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim areas of Eastern Bengal from the largely Hindu areas of Western Bengal. Wealthy Hindus centered around Calcutta, who dominated Bengal's businesses and rural life, complained that the partition would make them a minority in a province due to the incorporation of the Bihar and Orissa Province into the Bengal Presidency. It was during this time the Mother Bengal was an immensely popular theme in Bengali patriotic songs and poems and was mentioned in several of them, such as the song ″Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara″ and ″Banga Amar Janani Amar″ (Our Bengal Our Mother) by Dwijendralal Ray. These songs were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal, to raise public consciousness against political divides.

Bangladesh Liberation War

The theme of Mother Bengal continued through the Bengali nationalist movement in East Bengal into the struggle for the Independence of Bangladesh, from the events of 1948-1952 Bengali Language Movement to the 1971 Liberation War for Bangladesh, the concept of Mother Bengal was evoked and kept centered within the revolution. Many Bengali patriotic songs referring to Mother Bengal were composed within this time-frame and alongside already existing songs of such nature were regularly played on the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, the clandestine radio station broadcast to revolutionaries and the Bengali public during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Some of these patriotic songs, such as "O Amar Bangladesher Mati" (written by Kazi Nazrul Islam), "O Amar Bangla Maa" (which was written by a Bangladeshi freedom fighter during the war), "Jonmo Amar Dhonno Holo Maa-go" and "Bangla Moder Bangla Maa Amra Tomar Koti Shontan" have significant representations of Mother Bengal. These patriotic songs are still immensely popular in modern-day Bangladesh.