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- B4E Business for the EnvironmentInternational conference for business and environment dialogue
- Back-arc basinSubmarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones
- Back-strippingGeophysical analysis technique
- Backwater (river)River section with little or no current
- BadlandsType of heavily eroded terrain
- BagasseResidue of sugar cane after juice extraction
- BagolinoBagolino (Brescian: Bagulì) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy, in
- Bakken formationGeological formation in North America
- Balance of natureSuperseded ecological theory
- Balanced flowIn atmospheric science, balanced flow is an idealisation of atmospheric motion. The ideali
- Balanced RockBalanced Rock is one of the most popular features of Arches National Park, situated in Gra
- Bali Road MapConclusion of 2007 Climate change meeting
- Ball lightningAtmospheric electrical phenomenon
- Balmoral Reef plateSmall tectonic plate in the south Pacific north of Fiji
- Baltic amberType of amber from the Baltic area
- BalticaLate-Proterozoic to early-Palaeozoic continent
- Baltoro GlacierGlacier in Pakistan
- Ban Ki-moonUN Secretary-General from 2007 to 2016
- Banded iron formationLayered iron-rich sedimentary rock
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research InstituteResearch institute in Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience FundMulti-donor trust fund
- Bangong sutureThe Bangong suture zone is a key location in the central Tibet conjugate fault zone. Appro
- Bank erosionMarginal wear of a watercourse
- Banqiao DamDam in Zhumadian, Henan, China
- Bar (river morphology)Elevated region of sediment in a river that has been deposited by the flow
- Bar (tropical cyclone)The bar of a mature tropical cyclone is a very dark gray-black layer of cloud that appears
- Bar-headed gooseSpecies of bird
- Barahona ProvinceBarahona (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a province of the Dominican Republic. Located in the
- Barbary CoastCoastal region of North Africa inhabited by Berber people
- BarnenezArchaeological site in Plouezoc'h, France
- Barnes interpolationData processing technique
- BaroclinityMeasure of misalignment between the gradients of pressure and density in a fluid
- BarographBarometer that graphs pressure over time
- Barrier islandCoastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
- Barstow FormationThe Barstow Formation is a series of limestones, conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and
- BaryteBarium sulfate mineral
- Basal slidingMovement of a glacier over its underlying meltwater
- BasaltMagnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
- BasaniteType of volcanic rock
- BASE jumpingActivity of jumping from fixed objects using a parachute
- Base levelLowest limit for erosion processes
- Basement (geology)Metamorphic or igneous rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover
- Basic copper carbonateBasic copper carbonate is a chemical compound, more properly called copper(II) carbonate h
- Basin and range topographyAlternating landscape of parallel mountain ranges and valleys
- Bass FormationThe Bass Formation, also known as the Bass Limestone, is a Mesoproterozoic rock formation
- BastnäsiteFamily of minerals
- BatholithLarge igneous rock intrusion
- Bathurst InletBathurst Inlet, officially Kiluhiqtuq, is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of
- Bathymetric chartMap depicting the submerged terrain of bodies of water
- BathymetryStudy of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors
- Bathypelagic zoneZone of the open ocean
- BathyscapheFree-diving self-propelled deep-sea submersible
- BathysphereThe Bathysphere (from Ancient Greek βαθύς (bathús) 'deep' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') w
- BauxiteSedimentary rock rich in aluminium
- BayRecessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake
- Bay mudType of soil formed by sedimentation in estuaries
- Bay of KielBay in the southwestern Baltic Sea
- Bay of WismarThe Bay of Wismar or more commonly Wismar Bay or Wismarbucht is a well sheltered multi-sec
- Bazaruto ArchipelagoThe Bazaruto Archipelago (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is a group of six islands in Mozambi
- BeachArea of loose particles at the edge of a body of water
- Beach evolutionChanges to a shoreline by accretion and erosion
- Beach nourishmentSediment replacement process
- Beach ridgeA beach ridge is a wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline. It
- Beaches in estuaries and baysBeaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs) refer to beaches that exist inside estuaries or bays
- Beachy HeadChalk headland in East Sussex, England
- Beacon Center of TennesseeAmerican think tank
- Bear SeamountUnderwater volcano in the Atlantic Ocean
- Bearpaw FormationThe Bearpaw Formation, also called the Bearpaw Shale, is a geologic formation of Late Cret
- Beaufort scaleEmpirical measure describing wind speed based on observed conditions
- Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan areaThe Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan statistical area is a three-county region in Southea
- Bed (geology)Layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or pyroclastic material
- Bed loadParticles in a flowing fluid that are transported along the bed
- BedformGeological feature resulting from the movement of bed material by fluid flow
- Bedout IslandBedout Island is a small Western Australian island on the Pilbara coast. It lies 42 kilome
- BedrockSolid rock under loose surface material
- Bedrock riverType of river
- Bell Canyon FormationThe Bell Canyon Formation is a geologic formation found in the Delaware Basin of southeast
- Bellefonte FormationThe Ordovician Bellefonte Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in central Pennsylvania. It i
- Belt SupergroupAssembly of magmatic and sedimentary rocks that date to the Mesoproterozoic
- Bennettsville, South CarolinaBennettsville is a city located in the U.S. state of South Carolina on the Great Pee Dee R
- Beno GutenbergGerman-American seismologist
- Benthic boundary layerThe benthic boundary layer (BBL) is the layer of water directly above the sediment at the
- Benthic zoneEcological region at the lowest level of a body of water
- Benton ShaleThe Benton Shale (also Benton Formation or Benton Group) is a geologic formation name hist
- BentoniteType of claystone, composed of absorbent smectite clay minerals
- Berbak National ParkThe Berbak National Park in Sumatra island, Jambi province of Indonesia, forms part of the
- BergeniteRare uranyl phosphate of the more specific phosphuranylite group
- Berivotra FormationGeological formation in Madagascar
- Bernard ChouetBernard A. Chouet (born 14 October 1945) is a geophysicist who specializes in volcanic sei
- Berserker RangeThe Berserker Range is a mountainous region located on the eastern and northeastern bounda
- BerylGemstone: beryllium aluminium silicate
- Bexar, AlabamaBexar is a rural, mostly agricultural community in extreme west Marion County, Alabama, Un
- Biber (geology)Biber or the Biber Complex (German: Biber-Komplex) is a timespan approximately 2.6–1.8 mil
- Big Belt MountainsThe Big Belt Mountains are a section of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana.
- Bighorn BasinPlateau region and intermontane basin in north-central Wyoming, US
- Bight of Sofala/Swamp CoastMarine ecoregion in Mozambique
- Bigsby MedalThe Bigsby Medal is a medal of the Geological Society of London established by John Jeremi
- Bilal U. HaqPakistani-American geoscientist and poet
- Bill MathewsCanadian geologist and volcanologist
- Bimodal volcanismBimodal volcanism is the eruption of both mafic and felsic lavas from a single volcanic ce
- Binagadi asphalt lakeCluster of tar pits in urban Baku, Azerbaijan
- BinəqədiBinəqədi (also, Binagadi, Binagady, Binaghad, and Bonogady) is an urban-type settlement an
- Biobío-Aluminé Fault ZoneThe Biobío-Aluminé Fault Zone is a northwest-trending geological fault zone in south-centr
- BiochronologyMethod of relating biologic events to the geologic timescale using fossils
- BiocrystallizationBiocrystallization is the formation of crystals from organic macromolecules by living orga
- BioenergyRenewable energy made from biomass
- Bioenergy with carbon capture and storageBioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy f
- BioerosionErosion of hard ocean substrates by living organisms
- Biogenic silicaType of biogenic mineral
- Biogenic substanceProduct made by or of life forms
- Biogeochemical cycleChemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
- BiogeochemistryStudy of chemical cycles of the earth related to biological activity
- BiointerfaceA biointerface is the region of contact between a biomolecule, cell, biological tissue or
- BioirrigationBioirrigation refers to the process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with overl
- Biological photovoltaicsBiological photovoltaics, also called biophotovoltaics or BPV, is an energy-generating tec
- Biological pumpCarbon capture process in oceans
- BiomineralizationProcess by which living organisms produce minerals
- BiorhexistasySoil formation theory
- BiostratigraphyStratigraphy which assigns ages of rock strata by using fossils
- Biotic pumpTheory of how forests affect rainfall
- BiotiteSubgroup of phyllosilicate minerals within the trioctahedral mica group
- BioturbationReworking of soils and sediments by organisms
- BiozoneBiostratigraphic unit in geology
- BipyramidPolyhedron formed by joining mirroring pyramids base-to-base
- BirnessiteBirnessite (nominally MnO2·nH2O), also known as δ-MnO2, is a hydrous manganese dioxide min
- BirthstoneGemstone representing a person's birth month
- Biscayne AquiferGeologic formation in Florida, United States
- BischofiteBischofite is a hydrous magnesium chloride mineral with formula MgCl2·6H2O. It belongs to
- Bisti/De-Na-Zin WildernessWilderness in New Mexico, United States
- BixbyiteBixbyite is a manganese iron oxide mineral with chemical formula: (Mn,Fe)2O3. The iron/man
- Black carbonComponent of fine particulate matter
- Black Chasm CaveBlack Chasm Cavern is a cave in the hamlet of Volcano in Amador County, California.
- BlackdampMixture of gases present in mines and confined spaces
- Blake River Megacaldera ComplexCaldera cluster that spans across the Ontario–Quebec border in Canada
- Blanco fracture zoneGeological fault zone off the Oregon coast in the US
- Blast fishingUsing bombs underwater to kill fish
- Blegny-MineBlegny-Mine was a coal mine in Trembleur, near Liège, in Belgium which today is preserved
- Blind thrust earthquakeMovement along a thrust fault that is not visible at the surface
- BlizzardType of snowstorm
- Blizzard of 1977Deadly blizzard in New York, US, and Ontario, Canada
- Block (meteorology)Large-scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary
- BlockadiaGlobal anti-extractivist social movement
- Blood FallsRed-colored seep of saltwater flowing from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica
- Bloomsburg FormationThe Silurian Bloomsburg Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ne
- Blowpipe (tool)Tool used to direct a stream of gas
- Blue carbonCarbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems
- Blue Hill Meteorological ObservatoryBuilding in Milton, Massachusetts
- Blue LiasTriassic/Jurassic geological formation in the UK
- Blue Planet PrizeAward
- BlueschistType of metavolcanic rock
- Boardwalk (entertainment district)A boardwalk is a promenade along a beach or waterfront. In North America, and particularly
- Body of waterAny significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface
- Body wave magnitudeBody-waves consist of P waves that are the first to arrive (see seismogram), or S waves, o
- BoehmiteMineral
- BoenyBoeny is a region in northwestern Madagascar. It borders Sofia Region to the northeast, Be
- BogType of wetland with peat-rich soil
- Bogdan AurescuBogdan Lucian Aurescu (born 9 September 1973) is a Romanian judge of the International Cou
- Bokkeveld GroupThe Bokkeveld Group is the second of the three main subdivisions of the Cape Supergroup in
- Bølling–Allerød warmingThe Bølling–Allerød interstadial (Danish: ), also called the Late Glacial Interstadial, wa
- Bolton GroupItalian commercial conglomerate
- Bolton ValleyBolton Valley is a mid-sized ski area in the town of Bolton in Chittenden County, Vermont,
- Bombay Cyclone of 1882 (hoax)Hoax
- Bond eventNorth Atlantic ice rafting events
- Bone bedGeological stratum or deposit containing bones
- BoniniteUltramafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica
- BoraciteMagnesium borate mineral
- Borate mineralMineral which contains a borate anion group
- BoreholeNarrow shaft bored in the ground
- BornhardtLarge, dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
- BorniteSulfide mineral
- Boron cycleThe boron cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of boron through the atmosphere, lithosphere,
- Bothnian BayBay in the northern Bothnian Sea
- BoudevilliersBoudevilliers is a former municipality in the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuc
- BoudinageStructures in rock caused by extension
- Bouguer anomalyType of gravity anomaly
- BoulderNatural rock fragment larger than 10 inches
- Boulder, ColoradoHome rule city and seat of Boulder County, Colorado, United States
- Bouma sequenceSet of structures in sediments or sedimentary rocks
- Bounded weak echo regionWeather feature
- Bouvet triple junctionMeeting point of three tectonic plates
- Bow echoMesoscale convective system shaped like an archer's bow
- Bowen BasinThe Bowen Basin contains the largest coal reserves in Australia. This major coal-producing
- Bowen's reaction seriesOrder of crystallization of minerals in magma
- Brackish waterWater with salinity between freshwater and seawater
- Braer Storm1993 Atlantic extratropical cyclone
- Braid barBraid bars, or mid-channel bars, are river landforms typically present in braided river ch
- Braided riverNetwork of river channels
- Bramble CayBramble Cay, also known as Maizab Kaur (also spelt Maizub Kaur) and Massaramcoer, is a sma
- Bramble Cay melomysRecently extinct species of rodent
- Brazeau, MissouriBrazeau (; French pronunciation: ) is an unincorporated community in southeastern Perry Co
- BrazilianiteBrazilianite, whose name derives from its country of origin, Brazil, is a typically yellow
- Breakthrough EnergyGroup of organizations that invest in sustainable energy startups
- BrecciaRock composed of angular fragments
- BrickavilleBrickaville is a town and commune in Atsinanana Region, Madagascar.
- Bridge Creek, OklahomaBridge Creek is a town in Grady County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, th
- Bridger Mountains (Wyoming)The Bridger Mountains are a short subrange of the Rocky Mountains, approximately 40 miles
- Bright Angel ShaleThe Bright Angel Shale is one of five geological formations that comprise the Cambrian Ton
- Bright Angel TrailThe Bright Angel Trail is a hiking trail located in Grand Canyon National Park in the U.S.
- Bright green environmentalismStance favoring the convergence of technological change with environmentalism
- BrineConcentrated solution of salt in water
- Brine poolAccumulation of brine in a seafloor depression
- BriningFood processing by treating with brine or salt
- British Geological SurveyGeological survey
- British Institutions Reflection Profiling SyndicateThe British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate, better known by its acronym BIRPS
- British Oceanographic Data CentreNational facility for conserving and distributing data about the marine environment
- Brittle–ductile transition zoneStrongest part of the Earth's crust
- Broad spectrum revolutionHypothesized increase in dietary range during the Neolithic Revolution
- BrochantiteCopper sulfate mineral
- Broken RidgeOceanic plateau in the Indian Ocean
- Bromine cycleBiogeochemical cycle of bromine
- BrookiteTitanium dioxide mineral
- Broxton RocksSandstone exposure in Broxton, Georgia, U.S.
- Bruce C. HeezenAmerican geologist (1924–1977)
- BruciteMagnesium hydroxide mineral
- Brundtland CommissionUN sustainable development sub-organization
- BrushiteBrushite is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula CaHPO4·2H2O. Crystals of the pur
- BSI PAS 2060British standard for measuring carbon neutrality
- Buda LimestoneThe Buda Limestone is a geological formation in the High Plains and Trans-Pecos regions of
- Build Back Better PlanLegislative framework proposed by Joe Biden
- Bulahdelah tornadoIntense tornado in Australia
- Bulahdelah, New South WalesBulahdelah () is a town and locality in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Aus
- Bulk densityMass per unit volume of granular matter
- Bull Lake glaciationPart of the Quaternary Ice Age in North America
- BuntsandsteinType of limestone
- BurdigalianThe Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It sp
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et MinièresFrench geological survey
- Bureau of MeteorologyAustralian government agency
- Burgess ShaleFossil-bearing rock formation in the Canadian Rockies
- Burgess Shale-type faunaFossilized fauna of Burgess shale
- Burgess Shale-type preservationShale known for exceptional preservation of mid-Cambrian organisms
- Burma plateMinor tectonic plate in Southeast Asia
- Burns' Day Storm1990 windstorm over northwestern Europe
- BuseriteHydrated layered manganese-oxide mineral
- Bushfires in AustraliaFrequently occurring wildfire events
- Bushveld Igneous ComplexLarge early layered igneous intrusion
- Business action on climate changeRange of activities by businesses relating to climate change
- ButteIsolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
- Byerlee's lawLaw in rheology
