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- P waveType of seismic wave
- Pachuca MunicipalityThe Municipality of Pachuca de Soto, or Municipality of Pachuca, is one of the Municipalit
- Pacific decadal oscillationRecurring pattern of climate variability
- Pacific Disaster CenterPacific Disaster Center (PDC) is an applied science, information and technology center, wo
- Pacific hurricaneMature tropical cyclone that develops within the eastern and central Pacific Ocean
- Pacific Meridional ModeClimate mode in the North Pacific
- Pacific PartnershipPacific Partnership is an annual deployment of forces from the Pacific Fleet of the United
- Pacific plateOceanic tectonic plate under the Pacific Ocean
- PainiteBorate mineral
- Paired metamorphic beltsParallel linear rock units
- Pakowki FormationThe Pakowki Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Campanian age in the Western Canadian S
- PalaeogeographyStudy of physical geography of past landscapes
- Palawan PassageSoutheastern South China Sea natural waterway
- Paleo-Tethys OceanOcean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
- PaleoarcheanSecond era of the Archean Eon
- PaleoartArt genre attempting to depict prehistoric life according to scientific evidence
- Paleobiota of the Morrison FormationThe Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Late Jurassic sedimentary rock that is
- Paleobiota of the Posidonia ShaleFossil flora and fauna in the Posidonia Shale, Germany
- Paleobiota of the Yixian FormationThe Yixian Formation (simplified Chinese: 义县组; traditional Chinese: 義縣組; pinyin: Yìxiàn zǔ
- PaleoceanographyStudy of the oceans in the geologic past
- Paleoceanography and PaleoclimatologyPeer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Geophysical Union
- PaleoceneFirst epoch of the Paleogene Period
- Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximumGlobal warming about 55 million years ago
- PaleoclimatologyStudy of changes in ancient climate
- PaleocontinentMajor landmass in the geological past
- Paleodictyon nodosumExtinct burrowing sea creature
- PaleofloodingPaleoflooding refers to any flooding event that took place in pre-history, physical eviden
- PaleogeneFirst period of the Cenozoic Era
- PaleolightningRemnants of ancient lightning activity
- PaleolimnologyScientific study of ancient lakes and streams
- PaleomagnetismStudy of Earth's magnetic field in past
- PaleopedologyDiscipline studying soils of the past eras
- PaleoproterozoicFirst era of the Proterozoic Eon
- PaleoseismologyStudy of earthquakes that happened in the past
- PaleosolSoil buried under sediment or not representative of current environmental conditions
- PaleotempestologyStudy of past tropical cyclone activity
- PaleothermometerMethodology for the study of ancient temperatures
- PaleotsunamiTsunami, possibly before written history
- PaleozoicFirst era of the Phanerozoic Eon
- Palm oil production in IndonesiaPalm oil production is important to the economy of Indonesia as the country is the world's
- PaludicultureWet agriculture and forestry on peatlands
- PaludificationPaludification is the most common process by which peatlands in the boreal zone are formed
- PampiaPampia was an ancient microcontinent or terrane that collided with Río de la Plata Craton
- Panama plateSmall tectonic plate in Central America
- PanasqueiraMinas da Panasqueira or Mina da Panasqueira (English: 'Panasqueira mine') is the generic n
- PangaeaSupercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
- Pangaea ProximaHypothetical future supercontinent
- Panjal TrapsLarge igneous province from the early to middle Permian
- Pannonian BasinSedimentary basin in Central Europe
- PannotiaHypothesized Neoproterozoic supercontinent
- PanthalassaPrehistoric superocean that surrounded Pangaea
- Paradox BasinSedimentary basin in the southwestern United States
- Paradox of the planktonHigh plankton diversity despite scarce resources
- Paramount Theatre (Asbury Park, New Jersey)The Paramount Theatre in Asbury Park, New Jersey, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United Stat
- Paranaíba RiverRiver in Brazil
- ParatethysPrehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia
- Parima Tapirapecó National ParkParima Tapirapecó National Park (Parque Nacional Parima Tapirapecó) is a Venezuelan nation
- Paris BasinMajor geological region of France
- Paron, ArkansasParon is an unincorporated community in Saline County, Arkansas, United States. Paron is l
- Partial meltingPhenomenon that occurs in rock
- Particle sizeNotion for comparing dimensions of particles in different states of matter
- Particulate inorganic carbonParticulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
- Particulate organic matterNon-soluble organic matter in aquatic and soil systems
- Pass Cavallo (Texas)Pass Cavallo, alternately known as Cavallo Pass, is one of five natural water inlets which
- Passive daytime radiative coolingManagement strategy for global warming
- Passive marginTransition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin
- Past sea levelSea level variations over geological time scales
- Pastoral leaseA pastoral lease, sometimes called a pastoral run, is an arrangement used in both Australi
- Pathogenic microorganisms in frozen environmentsOn Earth, frozen environments such as permafrost and glaciers are known for their ability
- Patterned groundGeometric land forms
- Paul Julian (meteorologist)Paul Rowland Julian (born October 12, 1929), a Fellow of the American Meteorological Socie
- Pea soup fogPea soup fog (also known as a pea souper, black fog or killer fog) is a very thick and oft
- Peace River Formation (Florida)Geological formation in Florida
- Peak carDecline of private vehicle use
- Peak coalPeak consumption or production of coal
- PearlHard object produced within a living shelled mollusc
- Pearl HarborHarbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii
- PeatAccumulation of partially decayed vegetation
- PeatlandWetland terrain without forest cover, dominated by living, peat-forming plants
- PebbleSmall rock fragment
- PedodiversityVariation of soil properties within an area
- PedologyStudy of soils in their natural environment
- Pedometric mappingPedometric mapping, or statistical soil mapping, is data-driven generation of soil propert
- PedosphereOutermost layer of the Earth
- Pedra da GáveaPedra da Gávea is a monolithic mountain in Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Composed
- PegmatiteIgneous rock with very large interlocked crystals
- Pelagic red clayPelagic red clay, also known as simply red clay, brown clay or pelagic clay, is a type of
- Pelagic sedimentFine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
- Pelagic zoneWater column of the open ocean
- PeliteMetamorphic rock
- Pellaea atropurpureaPellaea atropurpurea, commonly known as purple-stem cliffbrake or just purple cliffbrake,
- PeninsulaLand feature
- Pennsylvanian (geology)Second subperiod of the Carboniferous
- PentlanditeIron–nickel sulfide
- People's Climate MovementUS Climate Change organization
- Per capita personal income in the United StatesAs per United States Census Bureau 2022 data, the mean per capita income in the United Sta
- Per milleUnit for parts per thousand
- Perc Tucker Regional GalleryPerc (pronounced purse) Tucker Regional Gallery is a heritage-listed public art gallery in
- PeresypA peresyp (пересыпь) or a bay-mouth bar is a narrow sandbar that rises above the water lev
- PeridotGreen gem-quality mineral
- PeridotiteCoarse-grained ultramafic igneous rock
- PeriphytonBioindicators attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems
- PerliteAmorphous volcanic glass
- PermafrostType of soil in frozen state
- Permafrost carbon cycleSub-cycle of the larger global carbon cycle
- Permeability (porous media)Measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
- Permeability of soilsAbility of soils to allow water to flow through its voids
- PermianSixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
- Permian Basin (North America)Large sedimentary basin in the US
- Permian–Triassic extinction eventEarth's most severe extinction event
- PermineralizationType of fossilization
- PerovskiteCalcium titanium oxide mineral
- Peroxynitric acidPeroxynitric acid or peroxonitric acid is a chemical compound with the formula HNO4. It is
- Personal carbon tradingType of greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
- Peruvian AmazoniaArea of the Amazon rainforest
- PetaliteSilicate mineral, used in ceramic glazing
- Peter Kalmus (artist)Peter Kalmus (born 28 August 1953 in Piešťany) is a Slovak self-taught visual artist and a
- Peter Kalmus (climate scientist)American physicist
- Petermann OrogenyNeoproterozoic mountain building event
- Petite MartiniquePetite Martinique ( PI-tee MAR-tin-EEK) is one of the islands of Carriacou and Petite Mart
- Petoskey stoneRock composed of fossilized coral
- Petra NovaTexas, U.S.A. carbon-capture project
- Petrogenetic gridPressure-temperature diagram of mineral stability ranges
- Petrographic microscopeOptical microscope
- PetrographyBranch of petrology focusing on detailed descriptions of rocks
- Petroleum geologistEarth scientist who works in geological aspects of oil discovery and production
- Petroleum geologyField in geology
- Petroleum industry in NigeriaOil production in Nigeria
- Petroleum industry in RussiaOne of the largest in the world
- Petroleum politicsPetroleum politics have been an increasingly important aspect of diplomacy since the rise
- PetrologyStudy of rocks in geology
- PetrophysicsStudy of physical and chemical properties of rocks
- PetroxestesPetroxestes is a shallow, elongate boring (a type of trace fossil) originally found excava
- Pevensey LevelsPevensey Levels is a 3,603.2-hectare (8,904-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific In
- PhanerozoicFourth and current eon of the geological timescale
- Phantom RanchPhantom Ranch is a lodge inside Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. It sits at the bott
- Phase-out of fossil fuel boilersThe phase-out of fossil fuel boilers is a set of policies to remove the use of fossil gas
- Phase-out of fossil fuel vehiclesA phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles refers to bans or discouragement (for example via taxe
- Phases of iceStates of matter for water as a solid
- PhenologyStudy of periodic events in biological life cycles
- Philippine fault systemPhilippine geological feature
- Philippine Mobile BeltTectonic boundary
- Philippine Sea plateOceanic tectonic plate to the east of the Philippines
- Phillip L. MerrittAmerican geologist (1906–1981)
- PhlogopiteMg-mica mineral in the biotite subgroup
- PhonolitePhonolite is an uncommon shallow intrusive or extrusive rock, of intermediate chemical com
- Phosphate mineralNickel–Strunz 9 ed mineral class number 8 (isolated tetrahedral units, mainly)
- Phosphate solubilizing bacteriaBacteria
- PhosphoriteSedimentary rock containing large amounts of phosphate minerals
- Phosphorus cycleBiogeochemical cycle
- Photic zoneUppermost layer of a sea water column that is exposed to sunlight
- PhreaticTerm used in several scientific disciplines
- Phreatic eruptionVolcanic eruption caused by an explosion of steam
- Phreatomagmatic eruptionVolcanic eruption involving both steam and magma
- PhycotoxinPhycotoxins (from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and τοξικόν (toxikón) 'poison, to
- PhylliteType of foliated metamorphic rock
- Physical geodesyStudy of the physical properties of the Earth's gravity field
- Physical oceanographyStudy of physical conditions and processes within the ocean
- PiacenzianLatest age of the Pliocene
- Pico HumboldtMountain peak in Venezuela
- Picrite basaltVariety of high-magnesium basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine
- Piemont-Liguria OceanThe Piemont-Liguria basin or the Piemont-Liguria Ocean (sometimes only one of the two name
- Pier VellingaPier Vellinga (April 17, 1950) is an environmental scientist and one of the Netherlands' e
- Pierre ShaleThe Pierre Shale is a geologic formation or series in the Upper Cretaceous which occurs ea
- PigeonitePyroxene mineral
- Pilbara CratonOld and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
- Pillow lavaLava formed due to subaqueous extrusion
- PinFastening device
- Pine Island (Lee County, Florida)Pine Island is the largest island on the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida in the United St
- Piracy in IndonesiaPiracy in Indonesia is not only notorious, but according to a survey conducted by the Inte
- Pisco FormationGeologic formation in Peru
- Placer depositAccumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation
- PlagioclaseFeldspar mineral series
- PlainExpanse of land that is mostly flat
- Planetary boundariesLimits to safe impact on the Earth ecology
- Planetary boundary layerLowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
- Planetary health dietFlexitarian diet
- PlanktologyPlanktology is the study of plankton, various small drifting plants, animals and microorga
- Plant BowenPlant Bowen, commonly known as Bowen Steam Plant, is a coal-fired power station located ju
- Plant litterDead plant material that has fallen to the ground
- Plant-based dietDiet consisting mostly or entirely of plant-based foods
- Plastic pellet pollutionMarine debris from plastic manufacturing particles
- Plastics industryIndustrial sector
- Plate reconstructionProcess of reconstructing the positions of tectonic plates in the geological past
- Plate tectonicsMovement of Earth's lithosphere
- PlateauHighland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
- PlatinocyanidePlatinocyanide, also known as tetracyanoplatinate (IUPAC), cyanoplatinate, or platinocyana
- PleistoceneFirst epoch of the Quaternary Period
- Pleochroic haloA pleochroic halo, or radiohalo, is a microscopic, spherical shell of discolouration (pleo
- PleochroismOptical phenomenon
- PliensbachianThird age of the Early Jurassic
- Plinian eruptionType of volcanic eruption
- PlioceneSecond epoch of the Neogene Period
- Plug-in electric vehicleType of vehicle
- Plume (fluid dynamics)Column of one fluid moving through another
- Pluvial lakeLandlocked basin (endorheic basin)
- PodzolTypical soils of coniferous or boreal forests
- Point barLandform related to streams and rivers
- Polar amplificationClimate effect
- Polar climateClimate classification
- Polar forests of the CretaceousCretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes towards the e
- Polar Ice (vodka)Polar Ice is a Canadian vodka produced by Corby Distilleries Ltd. Produced from Canadian c
- Polar ice capHigh-latitude region of an astronomical body with major parts covered in ice
- Polar lowSmall-scale, short-lived depression over certain ocean areas
- Polar Operational Environmental SatellitesThe Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) is a constellation of polar
- Polar stratospheric cloudClouds occurring in the stratosphere in high-latitude regions
- Polar vortexPersistent cold-core low-pressure area that circles one of the poles
- Polar windHigh-altitude atmospheric effect
- PolderReclaimed land
- Political representation of natureGranting political or institutional standing to non-humans within governance systems
- Politics of climate changeInteraction of societies and governments with current climate change
- PolluciteZeolite mineral
- Pollution of the GangesDiaspora of environmental pollution in Indian Ganges
- PondRelatively small body of standing water
- Ponderosa Forest, TexasPonderosa Forest is a residential neighborhood in unincorporated northwestern Harris Count
- Pongolapoort DamPongolapoort Dam, commonly referred to as Jozini Dam creating Lake Jozini, is an arch type
- PonorA ponor is a natural opening where surface water enters into underground passages; they ma
- Population dynamics of fisheriesA fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for
- Population Reference BureauThe Population Reference Bureau (PRB) is a private, nonprofit organization specializing in
- Pore space in soilVolume occupied by liquid and gas phases in a soil
- PorongPorong is a district in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, Indonesia. It has a population of 70,
- PorosityRatio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
- PorphyriticIgneous rock with large and small crystals
- Porphyry (geology)Textural form of igneous rock with large grained crystals in a fine matrix
- Porphyry copper depositType of copper ore body
- Port Alma, QueenslandPort Alma is a coastal town, locality and port in the Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Aust
- Port MariaPort Maria is the capital town of the Jamaican parish of Saint Mary.
- Port of TangaThe Port of Tanga (Bandari ya Tanga in Swahili) is the second largest port in Tanzania. It
- Portland stoneLimestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England
- Posidonia ShaleEarly Jurassic geological formation of south-western Germany
- Post-glacial reboundRise of land masses after glacial period
- Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissionsTowards multi-lateral commitments
- Potted meatPotted meat is a form of traditional food preservation in which hot cooked meat is placed
- Považský InovecPovažský Inovec is a mountain range in western Slovakia, named after the Váh river. It is
- Powering Past Coal AllianceClimate change organization
- PrairieEcosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome
- Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasonsThe years before 1890 featured the pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons. Each seaso
- Pre-1900 South Pacific cyclone seasonsThe following is a list of all reported tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean,
- Pre-collisional HimalayaPre-collisional Himalaya is the arrangement of the Himalayan rock units before mountain-bu
- Pre-NoachianGeological system and early time period of Mars
- Prebiotic atmosphereSecond atmosphere on Earth
- PreborealThe Preboreal is an informal stage of the Holocene epoch. It is preceded by the Tarantian
- PrecambrianHistory of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
- Precautionary principleRisk management strategy
- PrecipitationCondensed water vapor that falls from clouds
- PrehniteInosilicate of calcium and aluminium: Transitional to phyllosilicate
- PreikestolenCliff and tourist attraction in Norway
- Presidency of Barack Obama2009–2017 U.S. presidential administration
- President of the MaldivesHead of state and government
- Pressure solutionIn structural geology and diagenesis, pressure solution or pressure dissolution is a defor
- Prevailing wageIn United States government contracting, a prevailing wage is defined as the hourly wage,
- Prevailing windsStrongest direction of wind on a region of Earth's surface
- Primeiras and Segundas ArchipelagoThe Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago is a chain of 10 sparsely inhabited barrier islands
- Primitive achondritePrimitive achondrites are a subdivision of meteorites. They are classified on the same ran
- Primitive mantleLayer in a newly formed planet
- Primordial nuclideNuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
- Prince Creek FormationGeological formation
- Principle of faunal successionConcept in geology
- Principle of original horizontalityLayers of sediment are deposited approximately horizontally under the action of gravity
- Principles of GeologyEnglish-language three-volume science book by Charles Lyell, published 1830-33
- PrionochelysPrionochelys is an extinct genus of pancheloniid from the Mooreville Chalk and Eutaw Forma
- ProadinotheriumProadinotherium is an extinct genus of toxodontid. It lived between the Late Oligocene and
- Problems in coal miningThere are several types of problems in coal mining. These include safety, faults, the wate
- ProeutatusProeutatus is an extinct genus of xenarthran, belonging to the order Cingulata. It lived d
- ProforestationProforestation is the practice of protecting existing natural forests to foster continuous
- Proglacial lakeLake formed by the action of ice
- Prognostic chartMap of future weather forecast
- Program of ActivitiesProgram
- Project MoholeAttempt to drill through Earth's crust
- Project NIMRODField study of severe thunderstorms and severe winds
- PromontoryProminent mass of land that overlooks lower-lying land or a body of water
- ProterozoicGeologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
- Protist shellProtective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
- Proto-Tethys OceanAncient ocean that existed from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous
- ProustiteSulfosalt mineral
- Provenance (geology)Provenance, also known as geographic attribution, in geology refers to the origins or sour
- Provo CanyonProvo Canyon is located in unincorporated Utah County and Wasatch County, Utah. Provo Cany
- Proxy (climate)Preserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past climatic conditions
- Pryor MountainsThe Pryor Mountains are a mountain range in Carbon and Big Horn counties of Montana, and B
- PseudoextinctionPhenomenon where a species is perpetuated by a daughter species
- PseudofossilInorganic objects, markings, or impressions that might be mistaken for fossils
- PseudotachylyteGlassy or very fine-grained type of rock
- PsilomelaneHard black manganese oxides (romanechite, mainly)
- Psychological impact of climate changeAspect of climate change and society
- Psychology of climate change denialThe psychology of climate change denial is the study of why people deny climate change, de
- PsychrometricsStudy of gas-vapor mixtures
- PubEstablishment that serves alcoholic drinks
- Public opinion on climate changePublic opinion on climate change is related to a broad set of variables, including the eff
- PuddleSmall accumulation of liquid, usually water, on a surface
- Pueblo III PeriodThe Pueblo III Period (AD 1150 to AD 1350) was the third period, also called the "Great Pu
- Puerto Rico TrenchOceanic trench on a transform boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates
- Puget Sound faultsSeismic faults in Washington State
- Pull-apart basinType of basin in geology
- PumiceVolcanic rock
- Pumpkin ButtesThe Pumpkin Buttes are situated in southwestern Campbell County and eastern Johnson County
- Puna grasslandThe puna grassland ecoregion, part of the Andean montane grasslands and shrublands biome,
- Purcell SupergroupThe Purcell Supergroup is composed primarily of argillites, carbonate rocks, quartzites, a
- Pure shearIn mechanics and geology, pure shear is a three-dimensional homogeneous flattening of a bo
- PutnisiteCarbonate-sulfate mineral
- PuttyPutty is a material with high plasticity, similar in texture to clay or dough, typically u
- PyrargyriteSulfosalt mineral of silver and antimony
- PyriteIron (II) disulfide mineral
- Pyroclastic flowFast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
- Pyroclastic rockClastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials
- Pyroclastic surgeA pyroclastic surge is a fluidised mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments that is ejecte
- PyrolusiteManganese dioxide mineral
- PyrophyllitePyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al2Si4O
- PyroxeneGroup of inosilicate minerals with single chains of silica tetrahedra
- PyroxferroitePyroxferroite (Fe2+,Ca)SiO3 is a single chain inosilicate. It is mostly composed of iron,
- PyrrhotiteMagnetic iron sulfide mineral
