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- MacConkey agarDifferential media
- MacroevolutionEvolution on a scale at or above the level of species
- Macromolecular crowdingThe phenomenon of macromolecular crowding alters the properties of molecules in a solution
- Macromonas bipunctataMacromonas bipunctata is a Gram-negative, colorless, and heterotrophic sulfur bacterium of
- MacrophageType of white blood cell
- MacrosiphumMacrosiphum is a genus of aphid. During the summer populations are made of parthenogenetic
- MACS (software)Peak finding software
- Mad2Essential spindle checkpoint protein
- MAD2L1Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A is a protein that in humans is encoded b
- MAD2L2Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B is a protein that in humans is encoded b
- MADS-boxProtein family
- Mafia hypothesisHypothesis in biology
- MagnetoreceptionBiological ability to perceive magnetic fields
- MagnetospirillumGenus of bacteria
- Magnetotactic bacteriaPolyphyletic group of bacteria
- MagnetotaxisMagnetotaxis is a process implemented by a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that in
- Major facilitator superfamilyThe major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a superfamily of membrane transport proteins th
- Major histocompatibility complexCell surface proteins, part of the adaptive immune system
- Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selectionAdaptive immune gene selection
- Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Major intrinsic proteinsMajor intrinsic proteins comprise a large superfamily of transmembrane protein channels th
- MalacologyStudy of molluscs
- Malacoplasma penetransSpecies of bacterium
- MaladaptationTrait that is characterized by being more harmful than helpful
- MalasseziaGenus of fungi
- Malassezia globosaSpecies of fungus
- Male eggEgg containing genetic material from a male
- Male lactationProduction of milk in male mammals
- MalesiaBiogeographical region in Southeast Asia
- MaltaseEnzyme
- Maltase-glucoamylaseMaltase-glucoamylase, intestinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGAM gene.
- MaltoseChemical compound
- MammalogyStudy of mammals
- Mammary glandExocrine gland in humans and other mammals
- Mammea africanaMammea africana is a medium to large sized tree within the family Calophyllaceae, it is al
- Man's Place in Nature1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley
- MangrovibacterGenus of bacteria
- Mansonella perstansMansonella perstans is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm), transmitted by t
- Manuel Arruda da CâmaraPadre Manuel Arruda da Câmara (Pombal 1752–Goiana, October 2, 1810) was a Brazilian cleric
- Manx LoaghtanThe Manx Loaghtan ( LOKH-tən) is a rare breed of sheep (Ovis aries) native to the Isle of
- Margaret A. LiuPhysician-scientist
- Margaret Oakley DayhoffAmerican biophysicist
- Maria von LindenGerman bacteriologist and zoologist
- Marianne V. MooreAmerican aquatic ecologist
- MarichromatiumGenus of bacteria
- Marie GoldsmithRussian-French biologist and anarchist (1871–1933)
- Marine biologyScientific study of ocean life
- Marine microbiomeCommunity of microorganisms found in or around specific marine environments
- Marine microorganismsAny life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
- Marine prokaryotesMarine bacteria and marine archaea
- Marine protistsProtists that live in saltwater or brackish water
- Marine virusesViruses found in marine environments
- Marker-assisted selectionIndirect selection process in breeding
- Marshall HatchMarshall (Hal) Davidson Hatch AM (born 24 December 1932) was an Australian biochemist and
- Martin ChalfieMartin Lee Chalfie (born January 15, 1947) is an American scientist. He is University Prof
- Mary MgonjaTanzanian agricultural scientist
- Masha and Dasha KrivoshlyapovaRussian conjoined twins
- Masked water tyrantThe masked water tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae,
- Masson's trichrome stainBiological staining procedure used in study of tissues
- Mast cellImmune cell found in connective tissue
- MastadenovirusGenus of viruses
- MastoiditisMastoiditis is the result of an infection that extends to the air cells of the skull behin
- Mate guardingReproductive behavior in animals
- Maternal effectInfluence of mother's environment and genotype on offspring's phenotype
- Maternity denLair where the mother gives birth and nurtures the young
- Mathematical and theoretical biologyBranch of biology
- MatingProcess of pairing in biology
- Mating of yeastBiological process of yeast
- Maturation promoting factorMaturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Ph
- Mature messenger RNAMature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that
- Mavis JukesDorothy Mavis Jukes (pseudonym Iris Hudson; born May 3, 1947) is an American author of nov
- Max PerutzAustrian-born British molecular biologist (1914–2002)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyMolecular physiology institute in Dortmund, Germany
- MaxillaUpper jaw bone
- Maximum life spanLongest recorded life span
- Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)In phylogenetics and computational phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality crite
- MBD1Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MBD1 gen
- MBD3Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MBD3 gen
- MDia1Protein
- MecAGene for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
- Mechanical amplifierA mechanical amplifier or a mechanical amplifying element is a linkage mechanism that ampl
- Mechanics of human sexualityBiomechanics of human sexual intercourse
- Mechanism (biology)System of causally interacting parts and processes
- MechanotaxisMechanotaxis refers to the directed movement of cell motility via mechanical cues (e.g., f
- Median graphIn graph theory, a division of mathematics, a median graph is an undirected graph in which
- Mediator (coactivator)Multiprotein complex involved in transcription in eukaryotes
- Medical genetics of JewsAutosomal recessive conditions that affect ethnic Jews more frequently
- Medulla oblongataStructure of the brain stem
- Mef2Protein family
- MEF2BMyocyte enhancer binding factor 2B (MEF2B) is a transcription factor part of the MEF2 gene
- Megadiverse countriesNation with extremely high biological diversity or many endemic species
- MegaevolutionGreat changes in evolutionary history
- MegasphaeraMegasphaera is a genus of Bacillota bacteria classified within the class Negativicutes.
- Meiotic driveMeiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome
- Melanoplus femurrubrumMelanoplus femurrubrum, the red-legged grasshopper, is a species of grasshopper belonging
- MelatoninAmine hormone
- MelioidosisHuman infectious disease
- Membrane fluidityViscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
- Membrane lipidMembrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which for
- Membrane potentialElectric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
- Membrane progesterone receptorMembrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane
- Membrane proteinProteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes
- Membrane transportTransportation of solutes through membranes
- Membrane vesicle traffickingMembrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of biochemical s
- Mendelian traits in humansMendelian traits in humans are human traits that are substantially influenced by Mendelian
- Meningeal branches of vertebral arteryThe meningeal branches of vertebral artery (posterior meningeal branch) springs from the v
- MeningesThree membranes protecting the brain
- MenstruationPeriodic shedding of the uterine lining
- Meselson–Stahl experiment1958 experiment in DNA replicatication
- MesocarnivoreOrganism that eats mostly animal tissue
- MesophileOrganism that thrives in moderate temperatures
- MesothermType of animal that produces metabolic heat, but has no specific body temperature
- Messenger RNARNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
- Metabolic engineeringMetabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes withi
- Metabolic intermediateCompounds in biochemical reactions
- Metabolic networkA metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine
- Metabolic pathwayReactions describing metabolism
- Metabolic wasteSurplus or toxic substances left over from metabolic processes that must be excreted
- MetabolomeThe metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biolo
- MetabolomicsScientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
- Metacarpal bonesBones of hand
- MetagenomicsStudy of genes found in the environment
- MetamonadClade of excavate protists
- MetaphaseThird stage of mitosis and meiosis
- MetapopulationGroup of separated yet interacting ecological populations
- Metatarsal bonesFive long bones in the foot
- MetatranscriptomicsTechniques used to study microbe gene expression
- MethanobacteriaClass of archaea
- MethanogenType of microorganism that produces methane as a waste product
- MethanogenesisFormation of methane by microbes
- MethanopyrusGenus of archaea
- MethanosarcinaGenus of archaea
- Methanosarcina acetivoransMethanosarcina acetivorans is a versatile methane producing microbe which is found in such
- MethanotrophType of microorganism that uses methane as a carbon source
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusBacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans
- MethionineSulfur-containing amino acid
- Methyl-CpG-binding domainProtein family
- Methylated DNA immunoprecipitationPurification technique
- MethylotrophMicroorganisms that use one-carbon compounds as main carbon source
- Methylphosphonic acidMethylphosphonic acid is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula CH3P(O)(OH
- MethyltransferaseGroup of methylating enzymes
- MFSD6LProtein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- MG132Chemical compound
- MHC class IProtein of the immune system
- MHC class IIProtein of the immune system
- MHC class IIIMHC class III is a group of proteins belonging the class of major histocompatibility compl
- Michael BeheAmerican biochemist and intelligent design advocate (born 1952)
- Michael J. LenardoAmerican geneticist
- Michael MelkonianMichael Melkonian (born 1948) is a German botanist and phycologist. He was a professor of
- Michael W. YoungAmerican biologist and geneticist (born 1949)
- Michalina StefanowskaPolish biologist
- MicrasteriasGenus of algae
- MicroaerophileMicroorganism requiring lower levels of oxygen than normally found in atmosphere
- MicrobacteriaceaeFamily of bacteria
- MicrobacteriumGenus of bacteria
- Microbial artPainting using microbe cultures
- Microbial biogeographyStudy of the distribution of microorganisms across space and time
- Microbial cell factoryMicrobial cell factory is an approach to bioengineering which considers microbial cells as
- Microbial consortiumGroups of bacteria living symbiotically
- Microbial cooperationBehavioral pattern of microorganisms
- Microbial ecologyStudy of the relationship of microorganisms with their environment
- Microbial geneticsSubfield of genetics devoted to the study of microorganisms
- Microbial loopTrophic pathway in marine microbial ecosystems
- Microbial metabolismBiochemical pathways used by microbes to satisfy energy needs
- Microbial pathogenesisMicrobial pathogenesis is a field of microbiology that started at least as early as 1988,
- MicrobiologistPerson who investigates the characteristics of microscopic organisms
- Microbiology of Lyme diseaseCauses of tick-borne disease
- Microbiology SocietyLearned society specialising in microbiology
- MicrobiomeMicrobial community assemblage and activity
- MicrobiotaCommunity of microorganisms
- MicrocephalinProtein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- MicrochromosomeType of chromosome
- MicrococcaceaeThe family Micrococcaceae includes bacterial genera of Gram positive cocci that inhabit th
- Micrococcal nucleaseMicrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1, S7 Nuclease, MNase, spleen endonuclease, thermonuclease
- MicrococcusGenus of bacteria
- MicrocoilA microcoil is a tiny electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a spiral or heli
- Microcystin-LRChemical compound
- Microdeletion syndromeA microdeletion syndrome is a syndrome caused by a chromosomal deletion smaller than 5 mil
- MicroevolutionChange in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
- MicrogenomatesThe Microgenomatota or Microgenomates are a proposed supergroup of bacterial candidate phy
- MicrographProcess for producing pictures with a microscope
- Microhomology-mediated end joiningMicrohomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), also known as alternative nonhomologous end-joi
- MicroinjectionInjection of very small amounts of fluid
- MicronucleusSmall nucleus in the cells of some organisms
- MicropaleontologyBranch of paleontology that studies microfossils
- MicroRNASmall non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
- MicroRNA sequencingMicroRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), a type of RNA-Seq, is the use of next-generation sequenci
- MicrosatelliteRepeating sequences of 2–13 base pairs of DNA
- Microsatellite instabilityCondition of genetic hypermutability
- Microscope slideThin, flat piece of glass onto which a sample is placed to be examined under a microscope
- Microscopic scaleObjects too small to be seen unaided
- MicrotomeTool to cut fine samples for microscopy
- MicrotubulePolymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton
- MidbrainForward-most portion of the brainstem
- Middle cervical ganglionThe middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical sympathetic ganglia (i.
- Middle Eastern AmericansMiddle Eastern Americans are Americans of Middle Eastern background. Although once conside
- Middle rectal arteryThe middle rectal artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies blood to the rectum.
- Middle rectal veinsThe middle rectal veins (or middle hemorrhoidal vein) take origin in the hemorrhoidal plex
- Middle suprarenal arteriesThe middle suprarenal artery (middle capsular artery) is a paired artery in the abdomen. I
- MidgutEmbryonic structure from which most of the human intestines develop
- Milk immunityProtection provided to immune system via milk
- Milky seas effectLuminous phenomenon in the ocean
- MimicryEvolutionary strategy
- MimiviridaeFamily of viruses
- MimivirusGenus of viruses
- MINDY2Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase MINDY-2 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by t
- MinicircleMinicircles are small (~4kb) circular replicons. They occur naturally in some eukaryotic o
- MinigeneA minigene is a minimal gene fragment that includes an exon and the control regions necess
- Minimal genomeConcept in genetics
- Minimal residual diseaseMinimal residual disease (MRD), also known as Molecular residual disease, is the name give
- Minimum inhibitory concentrationConcentration of chemical that stops bacterial growth
- MIQEThe Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) g
- Mir-10 microRNA precursor familyShort non-coding RNA gene
- Mir-129 microRNA precursor familyRNA family
- MiR-155Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
- Mir-16 microRNA precursor familyPrecursor microRNA family
- Mir-19 microRNA precursor familyPrecursor microRNA family
- Mir-26 microRNA precursor familyPrecursor microRNA family
- Mir-375Pancreas-specific microRNA
- Mir-92 microRNA precursor familyFamily of short non-coding RNA fragments
- MiraculinMiraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulci
- Miraculous birthConceptions and births by miraculous circumstances
- MiRBaseIn bioinformatics, miRBase is a biological database that acts as an archive of microRNA se
- MirGeneDBMirGeneDB is a database of manually curated microRNA genes that have been validated and an
- MiscarriageNatural premature termination of pregnancy
- Missense mutationGenetic point mutation that results in an amino acid change in a protein
- Missing heritability problemUnresolved discrepancy in genetics
- Missionary positionSex position
- Mitochondrial diseaseDisorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction
- Mitochondrial DNADNA located in mitochondria
- Mitotic recombinationType of genetic recombination
- MixotrophOrganism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon
- Mobile genetic elementsDNA sequence whose position in the genome is variable
- MobilidaOrder of protists belonging to the ciliates phylum
- Modern synthesis (20th century)Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
- Modified vaccinia AnkaraVaccine against smallpox and mpox
- Modiolus (cochlea)The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. The modiolus consists of spo
- Modularity (biology)Modularity refers to the ability of a system to organize discrete, individual units that c
- MoinaMoina is a genus of crustaceans within the family Moinidae. The genus was first described
- Molecular anthropologyField of anthropology
- Molecular bindingAttractive interaction between two molecules
- Molecular clockTechnique to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged
- Molecular cytogeneticsMolecular cytogenetics combines two disciplines, molecular biology and cytogenetics, and i
- Molecular diagnosticsCollection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome
- Molecular evolutionStudy of changes in DNA and RNA over time
- Molecular geneticsScientific study of genes at the molecular level
- Molecular Koch's postulatesSet of experimental criteria relating to microbial pathogenesis
- Molecular markerIn molecular biology and other fields, a molecular marker is a molecule, sampled from some
- Molecular paleontologyMolecular paleontology refers to the recovery and analysis of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates
- MollicutesClass of bacteria
- Mollusc shellExoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
- Monoamine oxidase AEndogenous enzyme
- Monocarboxylate transporter 8Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is an active transporter protein that in humans is en
- MonochromacyType of color vision
- Monohybrid crossCross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest
- MonophylyTaxonomic concept
- MonosaccharideSimple sugars such as glucose and fructose
- MonothalameaTaxonomic group of foraminifera
- Monument to the laboratory mouseMonument in Novosibirsk, Russia
- MoonmilkCreamy, cave-crystallized carbonates
- Moral enhancementUse of biotechnology to improve one's character
- MoraxellaGenus of bacteria
- Moraxella catarrhalisSpecies of bacterium
- Moraxella osloensisSpecies of bacterium
- MorbillivirusGenus of viruses
- MorphogenBiological substance that guides development by non-uniform distribution
- Morpholino nucleic acidChemical compound
- Morphology (biology)Study of external forms and structures of organisms
- Mosaic (genetics)Possession of multiple genetic lineages within a multi-cellular organism
- Mosi-oa-Tunya National ParkMosi-oa-Tunya National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is home to one-half of th
- Most recent common ancestorMost recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended
- MotilityAbility to move using metabolic energy
- Motor adaptationForm of motor learning
- Motor cortexRegion of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
- Motor neuronNerve cell sending impulse to muscle
- Motor proteinClass of molecular proteins
- Movement of AnimalsMovement of Animals (or On the Motion of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων κινήσεως; Latin De Motu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyResearch institute in Cambridge, England
- MRNA surveillanceIntracellular mechanisms
- MRNA vaccineType of vaccine
- MTORC1mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rap
- MucinGlycoprotein
- Mucin-1Protein of the mucin family
- Mucociliary clearanceMechanism in the respiratory system
- MucusSecretion produced by mucous membranes
- Mueller–Hinton agarMueller Hinton agar is a type of growth medium used in microbiology to culture bacterial i
- Muller's ratchetAccumulation of harmful mutations
- Müllerian mimicryMutually beneficial mimicry of strongly defended species
- Multicellular organismOrganism that consists of more than one cell
- Multicopy single-stranded DNAMulticopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is a type of extrachromosomal satellite DNA that con
- Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteriaGram-negative bacteria with resistance to multiple antibiotics
- Multilocus sequence typingMultilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of mu
- MultiomicsBiological analysis approach
- Multiple birthCulmination of a multiple pregnancy where two or more offspring are born
- Multiple cloning siteDense cluser of restriction sites in DNA
- Multiple drug resistanceMeasure of microorganism drug resistance
- Multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 8Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Multiple sequence alignmentAlignment of more than two molecular sequences
- Multiregional origin of modern humansHuman evolution hypothesis
- Muramyl dipeptideMuramyl dipeptide is a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, a recognition structure or ac
- Murashige and Skoog mediumGrowth medium used in plant cell culture
- MuribaculaceaeMuribaculaceae, previously known as S24-7, is a family of bacteria within the order Bacter
- Musashi-1RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1 also known as Musashi-1 is a protein that in humans
- Musashi-2Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Muscular dystrophyDiseases in which skeletal and visceral muscles break down over time
- Musculoskeletal disorderInjuries of the muscular or skeletal systems
- MutagenPhysical or chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation
- MutagenesisBiological process
- Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)In molecular biology, mutagenesis is an important laboratory technique whereby DNA mutatio
- MutantIn biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character
- Mutation biasMutation bias refers to a predictable or systematic difference in rates for different type
- Mutation breedingProcess inducing mutations in seeds
- Mutation rateRate at which mutations occur during some unit of time
- Mutation–selection balanceAllele equilibrium in a population when creation equals elimination by negative selection
- Mutational meltdownType of evolutionary extinction vortex
- Mutational signaturesMutational signatures are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from speci
- MutationismOne of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection
- Mute swanLarge species of waterfowl
- Mutualism (biology)Mutually beneficial interaction between species
- MX2Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the M
- MycFamily of regulator genes
- MYCMYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by th
- Mycobacteria growth indicator tubeBacteriology medium
- MycobacterialesOrder of bacteria
- Mycobacterium africanumSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisSubspecies of bacteria
- Mycobacterium bovisSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacterium capraeSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacterium confluentisMycobacterium confluentis is a non-pathogenic bacterium of the oral cavity.
- Mycobacterium elephantisSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacterium fortuitumSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacterium gordonaeMycobacterium gordonae is a species of Mycobacterium named for Ruth E. Gordon. It is a spe
- Mycobacterium phleiMycobacterium phlei is a species of acid-fast bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium. It is c
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexClosely related bacterium species that cause tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium ulceransSpecies of bacterium
- Mycobacteroides abscessusSpecies of bacterium
- Mycolic acidMycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of Mycobacteriales taxon, a gro
- Mycoplasma fermentansSpecies of bacterium
- Mycoplasma genitaliumSpecies of bacterium
- Mycoplasma hominisSpecies of bacterium
- Mycoplasma hominis infectionInfection with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission
- Mycoplasma laboratoriumBacterium with synthetic genome
- Mycoplasma mycoidesSpecies of bacterium
- MycoplasmataceaeFamily of bacteria
- MycoplasmatalesOrder of bacteria
- MycoplasmatotaPhylum of bacteria
- Mycoplasmopsis bovisSpecies of bacterium
- Mycosporine-like amino acidMycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are small secondary metabolites produced by organisms
- MycothiolMycothiol (MSH or AcCys-GlcN-Ins) is an unusual thiol compound found in the Actinomycetota
- MyelinFatty substance insulating nerve cell axons
- MyogenesisFormation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development
- MyomegalinMyomegalin, also known as phosphodiesterase 4D-interacting protein or cardiomyopathy-assoc
- MyophosphorylaseMyophosphorylase or glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM) is the muscle isoform
- MyosinFamily of motor proteins
- MyxobacteriaOrder of bacteria
- MyxococcotaPhylum of bacteria
- Myxococcus xanthusSlime bacterium
