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- S waveType of elastic body wave
- Saale glaciationGlacial period in Europe
- SabkhaSalt lake above the tide line, where evaporite deposits accumulate
- Saddleworth MoorMoorland in northwest England
- Safa and MarwaTwo holy hillocks in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Saffir–Simpson scaleTropical cyclone intensity scale
- SahulPrehistoric continent comprising Australia and New Guinea
- SakmarianSecond stage of the Permian
- Salado FormationThe Salado Formation is a geologic formation in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. It
- Salamanca FormationGeologic formation in Chubut Province, Argentina
- Salar de UyuniSalt flat in Bolivia
- Salina GroupLarge Geologic Group
- Saline waterWater that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts
- SalinityProportion of salt dissolved in water
- Salt domeStructural dome formed of salt or halite
- Salt evaporation pondShallow artificial pond designed to extract salts from sea water or other brines,
- Salt flatFlat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals
- Salt glacierA salt glacier (or namakier) is a rare flow of salt that is created when a rising diapir i
- Salt lakeLandlocked body of water which has a high concentration of salts
- Salt marshCoastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
- Salt pannes and poolsSalt pannes and pools are water retaining depressions located within salt and brackish mar
- Salt Plains National Wildlife RefugeThe Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States system of national w
- Salt tectonicsGeology of salt structures
- Salta MossSalta Moss is a raised blanket mire which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ('SSSI'
- Saltation (geology)Particle transport by fluids
- Saltwater intrusionMovement of saline water into freshwater aquifers
- Sam Daley-HarrisSam Daley-Harris is an American activist and author. He is the founder of Results, and has
- Samuel HaldemanSamuel Stehman Haldeman (August 12, 1812 – September 10, 1880) was an American naturalist
- San Benedicto IslandVolcanic island in Mexico
- San Cassiano FormationGeologic formation in Italy
- San Diego County, CaliforniaCounty in California, United States
- San Jacinto Fault ZoneSouthern Californian fault zone
- San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)San Luis Pass is a passage of water on the Texas Gulf Coast of the United States. It conne
- San Matías GulfBay in Argentina
- San Roque Dam (Philippines)The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200-meter-tal
- San Salvador IslandIsland and District in San Salvador, Bahamas
- San Vicente de la BarqueraSan Vicente de la Barquera is a municipality of Cantabria in northern Spain. It had a popu
- SandGranular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
- SandstoneType of sedimentary rock
- Sandy Hook LightThe Sandy Hook Lighthouse, located about one and a half statute miles (2.4 km) inland from
- Sani PassSani Pass is a mountain pass located in the West of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa on the roa
- Sanibel CausewayThe Sanibel Causeway is a causeway in Southwest Florida that spans San Carlos Bay, connect
- Sankar ChatterjeeSankar Chatterjee (born May 28, 1943) is a paleontologist, the Paul W. Horn Professor of G
- Santa Cruz del SurSanta Cruz del Sur is a town and municipality in Cuba. It is located in Camagüey Province
- Santa Cruz FormationGeological formation in Patagonia
- Santa Eulalia, ChihuahuaSanta Eulalia is a town and seat of the municipality of Aquiles Serdán, in the northern Me
- Santana do CaririSantana do Cariri is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazi
- Santana GroupStratigraphic Group in Brazil
- SanukitoidSanukitoids are a variety of high-Mg granitoid found in convergent margin settings. The te
- Sapas MonsSapas Mons is a large volcano located in the Atla Regio region of Venus.
- SapphireGem variety of the mineral corundum
- SapropelDark-coloured sediments rich in organic matter
- Sar-i SangSar-i Sang (or Sar-e Sang) (lit. "stone summit" in Persian) is a settlement in the Kuran W
- Sarasota BaySarasota Bay is a lagoon located off the central west coast of Florida in the United State
- SargassumGenus of brown algae
- Sarmatian CratonThe Sarmatian Craton or Sarmatia is the southern segment/region of the East European Crato
- Sarmiento FormationGeologic formation in Chubut Province, Argentina
- Satellite busMain body and structural component of the satellite
- Satellite geodesyMeasurement of the Earth using satellites
- Satellite imageryImages taken from an artificial satellite
- Satellite tornadoSmaller tornado that orbits around a larger parent tornado
- SavannaMixed woodland-grassland ecosystem
- Saxothuringian ZoneEuropean tectonic zone
- Saya de Malha BankThe Saya de Malha Bank (also the Sahia de Malha Bank, modern Portuguese: saia de malha, En
- ScheeliteCalcium tungstate mineral
- SchermerSchermer (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a former municipality in the Netherlands, in the provi
- Schiehallion experiment1774 attempt to measure the Earth's average density
- SchistEasily split medium-grained metamorphic rock
- SchoklandSchokland (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a former island in the Dutch Zuiderzee, in the munici
- Schoolroom GlacierSchoolroom Glacier is a small glacier in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wy
- Schoonmaker ReefFossilized reef in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
- Schreiber, OntarioSchreiber is a municipal township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located on the nort
- SchreibersiteIron nickel phosphide mineral usually found in meteorites
- Schwarze Pumpe power stationBlack Pump power station (German: Kraftwerk Schwarze Pumpe, literally 'power station Black
- Science and Public Policy InstituteAmerican climate change denial think tank
- Science History InstituteU.S. library, museum, and archive
- Scientific consensusCollective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists
- Scientific consensus on climate changeEvaluation of climate change by the scientific community
- Scientific drillingMethod of geologic probing
- ScoriaDark vesicular volcanic rock
- Scotia plateMinor oceanic tectonic plate between the Antarctic and South American plates
- Scratch hardnessAny measure of hardness based on scratch resistance
- ScreeRock fragments weathered from larger mass
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyCenter for ocean and Earth science research
- Scutellastra cochlearScutellastra cochlear is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family
- Sea breezeWind blowing from sea to land
- Sea caveCave formed by the wave action of the sea
- Sea iceOutcome of seawater as it freezes
- Sea levelGeographical reference point from which various heights are measured
- Sea level riseRise in sea levels due to climate change
- Sea of Japan naming disputeDispute between Japan and Korea
- Sea rewildingEnvironmental conservation activity
- Sea stateGeneral condition of the free surface on a large body of water
- Sea surface microlayerBoundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean
- Sea surface temperatureWater temperature close to the ocean's surface
- Sea water air conditioningAlternative cooling system
- SeabedBottom of the ocean
- Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)The Seacoast Region is the southeast area of the U.S. state of New Hampshire that is cente
- Seadrift, TexasSeadrift is a city in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. The population was 995 at the
- Seafloor depth versus ageTerm in geology
- Seagrass meadowUnderwater ecosystem
- SeamountMountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach the water's surface
- SeasonDivision of the year
- Season creepPhenomenon of seasons slowly changing their timing
- Seasonal lagPhenomenon whereby maximum average air temperature is delayed by a period of time
- Seasonal tropical forestType of tropical forest
- Seaspiracy2021 documentary about the environmental effects of fishing
- Seattle FaultZone of multiple thrust faults that passes through Seattle
- SeawaterWater from a sea or an ocean
- Secondary flowIn fluid dynamics, flow can be decomposed into primary flow plus secondary flow, a relativ
- Section 608Section 608 (together with Section 609, which covers motor vehicles) of the Clean Air Act
- Secunda CTLSynthetic fuel plant in South Africa
- SedimentParticulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface
- Sediment gravity flowSediment transport mechanism
- Sediment transportMovement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment
- Sediment–water interfaceBoundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
- Sedimentary basinRegions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments
- Sedimentary budgetSedimentary budgets are a coastal management tool used to analyze and describe the differe
- Sedimentary exhalative depositsZinc-lead deposits
- Sedimentary rockRock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
- Sedimentary structuresGeologic structures formed during sediment deposition
- SedimentologyStudy of natural sediments and their formation processes
- Seismic data acquisitionStage of seismic exploration
- Seismic intensity scalesIntensity of ground shaking during an earthquake
- Seismic inversionGeophysical process
- Seismic magnitude scalesScales to describe earthquake strength
- Seismic refractionGeophysical principle
- Seismic retrofitModification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity
- Seismic sourceA seismic source is a device that generates controlled seismic energy used to perform both
- Seismic tomographyImaging technique used in seismology
- Seismic velocity structureSeismic velocity structure is the distribution and variation of seismic wave speeds within
- Seismic waveVibrational energy transfer in Earth or other planetary body
- Seismic wide-angle reflection and refractionGeophysical investigation technique
- Seismic zoneGeographic zones of interest in seismology
- SeismiteSediment/structure shaken seismically
- SeismogramGraph output by a seismograph
- SeismologyScientific study of earthquakes and propagation of elastic waves through a planet
- SeismotectonicsSeismotectonics is the study of the relationship between the earthquakes, active tectonics
- SelandianSecond Age of the Paleocene Epoch
- Selective logging in the Amazon rainforestSelective logging or partial forest removal is the practice of cutting down a few species
- Selenite (gypsum)Transparent variety of gypsum
- Selenium cycleThe selenium cycle is a biological cycle of selenium similar to the cycles of carbon, nitr
- Self-cleaning surfacesSelf-cleaning surfaces are a class of materials with the inherent ability to remove any de
- Self-immolation of Wynn Bruce2022 suicide of climate activist in Washington, D.C., U.S.
- Sembilang National ParkNational park in Indonesia
- Semi-arid climateClimate with precipitation below potential evapotranspiration
- Sentinel DomeSentinel Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, United States. It lies on the s
- Sentinel-5 PrecursorSentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) is an Earth observation satellite developed by ESA as p
- Septentrional–Oriente fault zoneFaults that runs along Hispaniola, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba
- Sequence (geology)Geological events, processes, or rocks, arranged in chronological order
- Sequence stratigraphyStudy and analysis of groups of sedimentary deposits
- SeracLarge block or column of glacial ice
- SeranditeSerandite is a mineral with formula Na(Mn2+,Ca)2Si3O8(OH). The mineral was discovered in G
- Series (stratigraphy)Scheme relating geologic strata to age
- Serpentine subgroupSubgroup of phyllosilicate minerals within the kaolinite-serpentine group
- SerpentiniteRock formed by transformation of olivine
- SerpentinizationFormation of serpentinite by hydration and metamorphic transformation of olivine
- SerpukhovianThird stage of the Carboniferous
- SerravallianAge or a stage in the middle Miocene Epoch
- Seven Rivers FormationGeologic formation in the western United States
- Severe weatherDangerous meteorological phenomena
- Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024Wind, tornado, and flooding event in the United States
- Severe weather terminology (Canada)Severe weather-related terminology used by the Meteorological Service of Canada
- Severe weather terminology (Japan)This article describes the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) severe weather terminology. T
- Severe weather terminology (United States)Terminology used by the National Weather Service to describe severe weather in the US
- Seymchan (meteorite)Seymchan is a pallasite meteorite found in the dry bed of the river Hekandue, a left tribu
- Shade (shadow)Blocking of sunlight by any object
- Shadow zoneArea not reached by seismic waves from an earthquake
- ShaleFine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock
- Shanxi Rift SystemGeological feature in China
- Shatsky RiseOceanic plateau in the north-west Pacific Ocean
- Shatter belt (geopolitics)Concept in geopolitics
- Shatter coneGeological feature in bedrock resulting from extreme mechanical shock
- Shear (geology)Response of rock to deformation
- Shear strengthIn engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type
- Shear strength (soil)Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear str
- Shear wave splittingPhysical phenomenon
- Shear zoneStructural discontinuity surface in the Earth's crust and upper mantle
- Sheet erosionSheet erosion or sheet wash is the even erosion of substrate along a wide area. It occurs
- Sheeted dyke complexSeries of parallel dykes characteristic of oceanic crust
- SheinwoodianIn the geologic timescale, the Sheinwoodian is the age of the Wenlock Epoch of the Siluria
- Sheldon, North DakotaSheldon is a city in Ransom County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 95 at
- Shell growth in estuariesShell growth in estuaries is an aspect of marine biology that has attracted a number of sc
- ShellfishCulinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates
- Shenandoah ValleyRegion of Virginia and West Virginia
- Shield (geology)Large stable area of exposed Precambrian crystalline rock
- Shield volcanoLow-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
- Shinarump ConglomerateGeologic formation in the United States
- Shingle beachBeach composed of gravel
- Shire of AurukunThe Shire of Aurukun is a local government area in Far North Queensland, Australia. The sh
- Shire of CarpentariaThe Shire of Carpentaria is a local government area in Far North Queensland, Australia on
- Shire of DundasThe Shire of Dundas is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Weste
- Shire of MareebaThe Shire of Mareeba is a local government area at the base of Cape York Peninsula in Far
- Shiva craterAlleged impact crater west of India
- Shiva hypothesisScientific theory concerning impact events
- ShoalNatural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
- Shock metamorphismShock-wave related deformation and heating of rocks during collisions
- Shocked quartzShocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from
- Short-haul flight banProposed environmental policy
- Shottsville, AlabamaShottsville is an unincorporated community in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Alabama,
- Shower (precipitation)Sudden and brief rain or snowfall
- Shrink–swell capacityThe shrink–swell capacity of soils refers to the extent certain clay minerals will expand
- Shrub swampShrub swamps — also called scrub swamps or buttonbush swamps — are a type of freshwater we
- ShrublandVegetation dominated by shrubs
- Shuttle Radar Topography MissionProject to create a digital topographic database of Earth
- SialRocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals
- Siberia (continent)Ancient craton forming the Central Siberian Plateau
- Siberian TrapsLarge region of volcanic rock in Russia
- Siccar PointPeninsula in Scottish Borders, Scotland
- Siculo-Calabrian riftGeological feature in Italy
- Side-scan sonarTool for seafloor mapping
- SiderianFirst period of the Paleoproterozoic Era
- SideriteMineral composed of iron(II) carbonate
- Sidewalk chalkWriting implement
- Sidoarjo mud flowMud volcano in the subdistrict of Porong, East Java, Indonesia
- SiennaEarth pigment
- Sierra Nevada de MéridaThe Sierra Nevada de Mérida is the highest mountain range in the largest massif in Venezue
- Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela)The Sierra Nevada National Park (SNNP) is a National Park of Venezuela located between the
- Sieve analysisA sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used in geology, civil eng
- SilcreteType of soil layer
- SiletziaRock formation that forms the basement rock of the southern Pacific Northwest coast
- Silica cycleBiogeochemical cycle
- Silicate mineralRock-forming minerals with predominantly silicate anions
- Silicate perovskiteOne of the main minerals in the Earth's lower mantle
- Siliceous oozeBiogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
- SilicificationGeological petrification process
- Silicon on sapphireSilicon on sapphire (SOS) is a hetero-epitaxial process for metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS
- Siljan RingImpact structure in the country of Sweden
- Sill (geology)Tabular intrusion between older layers of rock
- SillimaniteNesosilicate mineral
- SiltClassification of soil or sediment
- SiltationWater pollution caused by particulate terrestrial clastic material
- SiltstoneSedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range
- SilurianThird period of the Paleozoic Era
- Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial RevolutionPeriod of rapid plant and fungal diversification, 428–359 million years ago
- Silver tellurideSilver telluride (Ag2Te) is a chemical compound, a telluride of silver, also known as disi
- Simonne CaillèreFrench geologist (1905–1999)
- SimoomHot desert wind in Western Asia and other regions
- Simple shearSimple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and m
- Simunjan DistrictThe Simunjan District is a district in the Samarahan Division of Sarawak, Malaysia, locate
- SinemurianSecond age of the Early Jurassic
- Singing sandPhenomenon of sand that produces sound
- Single European SkyEuropean Commission air traffic project
- Single-cell proteinEdible unicellular microorganisms
- SinkholeGeologically-formed topological depression
- Sinking citiesCities endangered by environmental change
- Sioux QuartziteThe Sioux Quartzite is a Proterozoic quartzite that is found in the region around the inte
- Sir Edward Pellew Group of IslandsThe Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands is situated in the south-west corner of the Gulf of
- Sir James Hall, 4th BaronetScottish geologist and geophysicist
- SiroccoMediterranean wind
- Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General AssemblyThe sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly opened on 17 September 201
- Sixtymile FormationThe Sixtymile Formation is a very thin accumulation of sandstone, siltstone, and breccia u
- Skeptical ScienceClimate science blog to counter arguments by climate change deniers
- SkolithosTrace fossil
- SkutteruditeCobalt arsenide mineral
- SkyUnobstructed view upward from Earth
- Slab (geology)Portion of a tectonic plate that is being subducted
- Slab detachmentProcess occurring in plate tectonics
- Slab pullPart of the motion of a tectonic plate caused by its subduction
- Slab suctionForce in plate tectonics
- Slab windowType of gap in a subducted oceanic plate
- SlateMetamorphic rock
- Slave CratonArea of ancient rocks in northwest Canada
- Sleipner gas fieldNorth Sea gas field off the coast of Norway
- SlickensideSmoothly polished surface in geology
- Slip-off slopeA slip-off slope is a depositional landform that occurs on the inside convex bank of a mea
- Slope stabilityStability of soil or rock slopes
- Slovenian Environment AgencyThe Slovenian Environment Agency (Slovenian: Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje or ARS
- Slow earthquakeDiscontinuous earthquake-like event
- Slow steamingSlow steaming is the practice of operating transoceanic cargo ships, especially container
- Slump (geology)Short distance movement of coherent earth down a slope
- SlurryMixture of solids suspended in liquid
- SlushMixture of snow and liquid water
- Small Island Developing StatesDeveloping countries that are small island countries
- Small shelly faunaFossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods
- Smartville BlockVolcanic arc accreted onto the North American Plate
- SmithsoniteMineral of zinc carbonate
- SmogSmoke-like, fog-like air pollutions
- Smoky Hill ChalkGeological formation in the United States
- Smoky quartzBrown to black variety of quartz
- SnowPrecipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
- Snow lineBoundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface
- Snow roadA snow road is a type of winter road, which is a road that is used or trafficable only in
- Snow rollerLarge snowball formed by wind action
- Snow scienceInterdisciplinary field of hydrology, mechanics and meteorology
- Snow squallSudden heavy snowfall accompanied with strong winds
- SnowballSpherical object made from compacted snow
- Snowball EarthWorldwide glaciation episodes during the Proterozoic eon
- SnowflakeIce crystals that fall as snow
- SnowpackCompressed accumulation of snow
- SoapstoneTalc-bearing metamorphic rock
- Soberanes Fire2016 wildfire in Central California
- Sobral FormationThe Sobral Formation is a palaeontological formation located in Antarctica. It dates to th
- Social and environmental impact of palm oilPalm oil, produced from the oil palm, is a basic source of income for many farmers in Sout
- Social cost of carbonMonetary damage caused by greenhouse gases
- Social discount rateRate used for discounting future benefits or costs to society
- Social return on investmentMethod for measuring extra-financial value of an investment
- Social trapType of 'tragedy of the commons'
- Social vulnerabilityDimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors
- Socially responsible businessA socially responsible business (SRB) is a generally for-profit venture that seeks to leve
- Society for Scholarly PublishingThe Society for Scholarly Publishing (SSP) is a professional society, founded in 1978, ded
- Society hotspotPacific volcanic hotspot
- Society of Exploration GeophysicistsNonprofit geoscience organization
- SodUpper layer of soil and grass
- Soda strawA soda straw (or simply straw) is a speleothem in the form of a hollow mineral cylindrical
- SodaliteBlue tectosilicate mineral
- Sofala ProvinceSofala is a province of Mozambique. It has a population of 2,259,248 (2017 census). Beira
- Soft-sediment deformation structuresGeologic formation
- SoilEarth, a natural material
- Soil acidificationBuildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH
- Soil biodiversitySoil biodiversity refers to the relationship of soil to biodiversity and to aspects of the
- Soil biologyStudy of living things in soil
- Soil biomantleOrganic-rich bioturbated upper part of the soil
- Soil carbonSolid carbon stored in global soils
- Soil carbon feedbackThe soil carbon feedback concerns the releases of carbon from soils in response to global
- Soil chemistryStudy of chemical characteristics of soil
- Soil classificationSystematic categorization of soils
- Soil colorMorphological property of soil
- Soil crustSoil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, ofte
- Soil erosionDisplacement of soil by water, wind, and lifeforms
- Soil fertilityAbility of a soil to sustain agricultural plant growth
- Soil formationProcess of soil formation
- Soil functionsCapabilities of soils
- Soil gasSoil gases (soil atmosphere) are the gases found in the air space between soil components.
- Soil gradationIn soil science, soil gradation is a classification of a coarse-grained soil that ranks th
- Soil healthState of soil, meeting ecosystem functions
- Soil horizonSoil layer whose physical characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath
- Soil liquefactionSoil material that is ordinarily a solid behaving like a thick liquid
- Soil managementApplication of methods to protect soil and enhance its performance
- Soil matrixSolid phase of soils
- Soil moistureWater content of the soil
- Soil morphologyStudy of physical properties of soils
- Soil organic matterOrganic matter component of soil
- Soil pHMeasure of how acidic or alkaline the soil is
- Soil physicsStudy of soil's physical properties and processes
- Soil regenerationCreation of new soil and rejuvenation of soil health
- Soil resilienceSoil resilience refers to the ability of a soil to resist or recover their healthy state i
- Soil respirationChemical process produced by soil and the organisms within it
- Soil salinitySalt content in the soil
- Soil scienceStudy of soil as a natural resource on the surface of Earth
- Soil seriesSoil series as established by the National Cooperative Soil Survey of the United States De
- Soil structureArrangement of a soil's particles and pore spaces
- Soil surveySoil survey, or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil prop
- Soil textureProperty of a soil
- Soil typeTaxonomic unit
- Soil valueSoil value (German: Bodenwertzahl) or BWZ is a comparative assessment of soil quality used
- Soil zoologySoil zoology or pedozoology is the study of animals living fully or partially in the soil
- Soil-borne pathogenA soil-borne pathogen (or soilborne pathogen) is a disease-causing agent which lives both
- Sol de MañanaSol de Mañana is an area with geothermal manifestations in southern Bolivia, including fum
- Solar activity and climateField of scientific study
- Solar Cities in AustraliaSolar Cities is an A$97 million demonstration programme designed to promote solar power, s
- Solar cycle 4Solar cycle 4 was the fourth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sun
- Solar cycle 7Solar cycle 7 was the seventh solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar su
- Solar irradianceMeasurement of electromagnetic radiation
- Solar power in AustraliaSolar power is a major contributor to electricity supply in Australia. As of December 2025
- Solar power in the United StatesSolar power includes solar farms as well as local distributed generation, mostly on roofto
- Solar prominenceStructure extending off of the Sun's surface
- Solar radiation modificationLarge-scale methods to reflect sunlight and cool Earth
- Sole markingsSedimentary structures found on the bases of certain strata
- Solid sorbents for carbon captureMaterials that absorb carbon dioxide
- Solnhofen LimestoneThe Solnhofen Limestone or Solnhofen Plattenkalk, formally known as the Altmühltal Formati
- Solomon Sea plateMinor tectonic plate near the Solomon Islands archipelago in the Pacific Ocean
- Solubility pumpPhysico-chemical process which transports carbon
- Solund BasinThe Solund Basin is a sedimentary basin containing at least 6 km of mainly coarse conglome
- Solutional caveType of cave
- Solway PlainHuman settlement in England
- Somali plateMinor tectonic plate including the east coast of Africa and the adjoining seabed
- Sorting (sediment)Distribution of grain size of sediments
- Source rockRock which has generated hydrocarbons
- South AlabamaSouth Alabama and Lower Alabama are overlapping, poorly-defined terms for various parts of
- South American land mammal ageGeologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna
- South American plateMajor tectonic plate
- South China CratonPrecambrian continental block located in China
- South China KarstThe South China Karst (simplified Chinese: 中国南方喀斯特; traditional Chinese: 中國南方喀斯特; pinyin:
- South DownsRange of chalk hills in southeast England
- South ForelandChalk headland on the Kent coast of southeast England
- South JerseyGeographic region of the U.S. state of New Jersey
- South magnetic polePoint on Earth's Southern Hemisphere
- South TexasRegion of the U.S. state of Texas
- South WalesRegion of Wales
- South West WalesSouth West Wales is one of the regions of Wales comprising the unitary authorities of Swan
- South-West Indian Ocean tropical cycloneIn the south-west Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones form south of the equator and west of 90
- Southeast Asian hazeFire-related air pollution issue
- Southeast MinnesotaSoutheast Minnesota comprises the corner of the U.S. state of Minnesota south of the Twin
- Southeastern Power AdministrationThe Southeastern Power Administration is a United States Power Marketing Administration wi
- Southeastern United StatesEastern portion of the Southern United States
- Southern Homestead Act of 1866Historical US laws
- Southern Oklahoma AulacogenThe Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen is a failed rift, or failed rift arm (aulacogen), of the t
- Southwestern North American megadroughtOngoing megadrought in southwestern North America that began in 2000
- Space climateBranch of solar physics and aeronomy
- Space environmentStudy of how space conditions affect spacecraft
- Space groupSymmetry group of a configuration in space
- Space hurricaneSolar windstorm
- Space Science and Engineering CenterThe Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) is a research and development center with
- Space Weather Prediction CenterNOAA laboratory and service center
- Space-based measurements of carbon dioxideUsed to help answer questions about Earth's carbon cycle
- Spatial heterogeneitySpatial heterogeneity is a property generally ascribed to a landscape or to a population.
- Spatial reference systemSystem to specify locations on Earth
- Spatial relationRelative location of objects in space
- Spatial variabilitySpatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations
- Special Report on Climate Change and LandIPCC report
- Special Report on Emissions Scenarios2000 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C2018 United Nations climate change report
- Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate2019 IPCC report
- Speeches of Greta ThunbergSpeeches of Swedish activist
- SpeleologyScience of cave and karst systems
- SpeleothemStructure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
- SperrylitePlatinum arsenide mineral
- SphaleriteZinc-iron sulfide mineral
- Spherical EarthApproximation of the figure of Earth as a sphere
- SphericitySphericity is a measure of how closely the shape of an object resembles that of a perfect
- SpinelMineral or gemstone
- Spinel groupMineral supergroup
- Split Rock (Wyoming)Split Rock, also known as Twin Peaks, is a mountain in the Granite Mountains of central Wy
- SpodumenePyroxene, inosilicate mineral rich in lithium
- Sponge spiculeStructural element of sea sponges
- SporolithaceaeThe Sporolithaceae is the only known family of algae in the Sporolithales order.
- Spring (hydrology)Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface
- Spring (season)One of the Earth's four temperate seasons
- Spring bloomStrong increase in phytoplankton abundance that typically occurs in the early spring
- Spring Lake, New JerseyBorough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, US
- Sprite (lightning)Electrical discharges above thunderstorm clouds
- Spruce Pine Mining DistrictPart of the valley of the North Toe River in North Carolina, US
- SquallShort, sharp increase in wind speed
- Squall lineLine of thunderstorms along or ahead of a cold front
- St Aubins, RockhamptonSt Aubins is a heritage-listed detached house at 75 Canoona Road, West Rockhampton, Rockha
- St. BrandonMauritian atoll in the Indian Ocean
- St. Elmo's fireLuminous plasma created in an electric field
- St. Petersburg, FloridaCity in Florida, United States
- Stack (geology)Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock
- Stage (stratigraphy)Unit in stratigraphy
- StalactiteElongated mineral formation hanging down from a cave ceiling
- StalagmiteElongate mineral formation found on a cave floor
- Stanley GlacierThe Stanley Glacier locality in British Columbia is an exposure of the "thin" Stephen form
- State of the ClimateAnnual report led by the NOAA/NCDC
- Staten IslandBorough and county in New York, US
- Stationary frontWeather front
- StauroliteReddish brown to black nesosilicate mineral
- Stay GroundedNetwork of climate activists against aviation
- Steam devilType of whirlwind
- Steam explosionExplosion created from a violent boiling of water
- StenotatusStenotatus is an extinct genus of cingulate, belonging to the family Dasypodidae. It lived
- Stephen E. SchwartzStephen E. Schwartz (born June 18, 1941) is an atmospheric scientist at Brookhaven Nationa
- Stephen FormationThe Stephen Formation is a geologic formation exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British C
- Stephen M. GardinerStephen M. Gardiner (born 1967) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy and
- SteppeEcoregion of plain grasslands without trees
- Stepped Stone StructureThe Stepped Stone Structure is the name given to the remains at a particular archaeologica
- StereomStereom is a calcium carbonate material that makes up the internal skeletons found in all
- Stern Review2006 report on the economics of climate change
- Stevns KlintCliff in Stevns Municipality, Denmark
- StibniteSulfide mineral
- Stibnite Mining DistrictThe Stibnite Mining District, commonly referred to simply as Stibnite, is one of the most
- StilbiteTectosilicate mineral of the zeolite group
- Stillwater igneous complexThe Stillwater igneous complex is a large layered mafic intrusion (LMI) located in souther
- StishoviteStishovite is an extremely hard, dense tetragonal form (polymorph) of silicon dioxide. It
- Stoer GroupThe Stoer Group is a sequence of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks that outcrops on the pe
- Stone of SconeAncient Scottish coronation artefact
- Stop Line 3 protestsMinnesota protests against expansion of oil pipeline
- Store HeddingeStore Heddinge is a Danish town in Region Sjælland. It is the administrative seat of Stevn
- StormDisturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere
- Storm (disambiguation)A storm is a severe weather condition.
- Storm Daniel2023 storm in the Mediterranean Sea
- Storm Prediction CenterAmerican severe weather forecasting center
- Storm surgeRise of water associated with a low-pressure weather system
- Storm tides of the North SeaStorm tides in the North Sea are coastal floods caused by storms
- Storm warningMeteorological warning about a coming storm
- StraitWaterway connecting two bodies of water
- Stranded assetFormer physical asset, now a liability
- StrathairdStrathaird is a peninsula on the island of Skye, Scotland, situated between Loch Slapin an
- Stratification (water)Layering of a body of water due to density variations
- Stratigraphic columnDiagram used in geology to show the vertical sequence of rock units
- Stratigraphic sectionSequence of layers of rocks in the order they were deposited
- Stratigraphic unitVolume of rock
- StratigraphyStudy of rock layers and their formation
- Stratocumulus cloudFamily class 3 cloud type
- StratosphereLayer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
- Stratospheric aerosol injectionType of solar radiation modification
- StratovolcanoType of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
- StratumLayer of sediment, rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics
- Stratus cloudType of cloud
- Streak (mineralogy)Color of produced when a mineral is drug across a non-weathered surface
- StreamBody of surface water flowing down a channel
- Stream bedChannel bottom of a stream, river, or creek
- Stream gradientStream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by t
- Stream poolDeep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse
- StreamflowFlow of water in streams and other channels
- StreptognathodusStreptognathodus is an extinct genus of conodonts from the Late Carboniferous to Early Per
- Strewn fieldA strewn field is the area where meteorites from a single fall are dispersed. It is also o
- Strike and dipOrientation of a geologic feature
- StronaStrona is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont
- Structural basinLarge-scale structural geological depression formed by tectonic warping
- Structural geologyScience of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth's crust
- Stubble burningAgricultural practice
- Sturtian glaciationGlacial Snowball Earth event about 700 million years ago
- Subaqueous fanA subaqueous fan is a fan-shaped deposit formed beneath water (similar to deltas or terres
- Subarctic climateClimate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers
- SubductionGeological process at tectonic plate boundaries
- Subduction erosionTectonic erosion or subduction erosion is the loss of crust from an overriding tectonic pl
- Subduction tectonics of the PhilippinesThe subduction tectonics of the Philippines is the control of geology over the Philippine
- Submarine canyonSteep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
- Submarine earthquakeEarthquake that occurs under a body of water, especially an ocean
- Submarine groundwater dischargeSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in c
- Submarine landslideLandslides that transport sediment across the continental shelf and into the deep ocean
- Submarine volcanoUnderwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
- SubsidenceDownward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
- Subtropical cycloneCyclonic storm with tropical and extratropical characteristics
- Suess effectAtmospheric chemical signature of fossil fuel burning
- Sulfate mineralClass of minerals that include the sulfate ion
- Sulfide mineralClass of minerals containing sulfide or disulfide as the major anion
- Sulfosalt mineralSulfosalt minerals are sulfide minerals with the general formula AmBnXp, where
- Sulfur assimilationIncorporation of sulfur into living organisms
- Sulfur cycleBiogeochemical cycle of sulfur
- Sullivan MineThe Sullivan Mine is a now-closed conventional–mechanized underground mine located in Kimb
- Sumak kawsayQuechua neologism invented in the 1990s
- SummerHottest of the four temperate seasons
- SummitPoint on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
- Sun dogAtmospheric optical phenomenon
- Sunda plateTectonic plate including Southeast Asia
- SunlightLight emitted by the Sun
- Sunrise MovementAmerican youth movement advocating political action on climate change
- Sunsás orogenyThe Sunsás orogeny was an ancient orogeny active during the Late Paleoproterozoic and Meso
- Sunshine durationClimatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period
- SupercellThunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone
- SupercontinentLandmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
- Supercontinent cycleRepeated joining and separation of Earth's continents
- SupercoolingLowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
- Superficial depositsGeological deposits
- Superior CratonThe Superior Craton is a stable crustal block covering Quebec, Ontario, and southeast Mani
- SuperoceanA superocean is an ocean that surrounds a supercontinent. It is less commonly defined as a
- SupersaturationState of a solution that contains more solute than can be dissolved at equilibrium
- Supershear earthquakeEarthquake in which the rupture propagation speeds are greater than the shear wave speed
- SuperstormA superstorm is a large, unusually occurring, destructive storm without another distinct m
- SupervolcanoVolcano that has erupted with a volcanic explosivity index of 8
- Supreme Court of the NetherlandsHighest court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Surf zoneThe surf zone or breaker zone is the nearshore part of a body of open water between the li
- Surface exposure datingSurface exposure dating is a collection of geochronological techniques for estimating the
- Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere StudyThe Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is a global and multidisciplinary researc
- Surface roughnessMeasure of surface finish or texture
- Surface waterWater located on top of land forming terrestrial bodies of water
- Surface weather analysisType of weather map
- Surface weather observationFundamental data used for weather forecasts
- Suspended loadPortion of sediment uplifted by a fluid's flow
- Sustainability and systemic change resistanceResistance to environmentalism
- Sustainability in constructionSustainable construction aims to reduce the negative health and environmental impacts caus
- Sustainable advertisingAddressing negative advertising impacts
- Sustainable biofuelNon-fossil-based sustainable production
- Sustainable design standardsDesign standards, reference standards and performance standards are familiar throughout bu
- Sustainable Development Goal 13UN goal to combat climate change
- Sustainable Development Goal 1414th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to conserve life below water
- Sustainable dietDiet that contributes to the broader environmental and social sustainability
- Sustainable food systemBalanced growth of nutritional substances and their distribution
- Sustainable industriesThe phrase sustainable industries is related to the development of industrial processes in
- Sustainable livelihoodDevelopment concept
- Sustainable managementSynthesis of concepts of sustainability and management
- Sustainable procurementPart of sustainable development
- Sustainable sourcingGlobalization of supply chains and pressure to lower production costs have negatively impa
- Sustainable tourismForm of travel and tourism without damage to nature or cultural area
- Sustainable transportTransport with sustainable social and environmental impacts
- SustainiaSustainia, formerly the Copenhagen Climate Council, is a global collaboration between inte
- Suture (geology)In structural geology, a suture is a joining along a major fault zone, of separate terrane
- SwampForested wetland
- Swamp Land Act of 1850A U.S. federal law, the Swamp Land Act of 1850, fully titled "An act to enable the State o
- Swampland (physics)In physics, the term swampland refers to effective low-energy physical theories which are
- Sweetwater ArchLandform in Wyoming, United States
- Swiss AlpsPortion of the Alps that lies within Switzerland
- Sydney GoldsteinSydney Goldstein FRS (3 December 1903 – 22 January 1989) was a British mathematician noted
- Syed Mahmood NaqviSyed Mahmood Naqvi (28 August 1941 — 4 September 2009) was an Indian Earth scientist speci
- SyeniteIntrusive igneous rock
- SylvaniteSylvanite or silver gold telluride, chemical formula (Ag,Au)Te2, is the most common tellur
- SylvitePotassium chloride mineral
- Symmetry operationIn mathematics, a symmetry operation is a geometric transformation of an object that leave
- Synchronous Meteorological SatelliteThe Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) program, was a program where NASA developed
- SynclineGeological fold
- Synoptic scale meteorology1000-km-order method of measuring weather systems
- System (stratigraphy)Sequence of rock layers laid down in the same geological period
- Syukuro ManabeJapanese–American meteorologist and climatologist
